Levels of Moral Response
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Questions and Answers

Which level of moral response refers to the unanalyzed expressions or feelings that do not provide reasons or justification?

  • The reflective level
  • Meta-ethics
  • The expressive level (correct)
  • The pre-reflective level

    • Which level of moral response involves justification via law, religious tenets, social values, and codes of ethics, but is accepted uncritically?

  • The expressive level
  • The pre-reflective level (correct)
  • The reflective level
  • Meta-ethics

    • Which level of moral response involves reasoned ethical argument and defense based on consciously subscribed ethical principles, rules, virtues, and values?

  • The expressive level
  • Meta-ethics
  • The pre-reflective level
  • The reflective level (correct)

    • Which type of ethical theory is primarily concerned with the ethical consequences of particular actions?

    <p>Consequentialist theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ethical theory is broadly concerned with the intentions of the person making ethical decisions about particular actions?

    <p>Non-consequentialist theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three broad types of ethical theory mentioned in the text?

    <p>Deontological theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a non-rational approach to moral decision-making?

    <p>Deontology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the best known consequentialist ethical theory?

    <p>Utilitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the four-step problem-solving process, which step involves identifying relevant ethical principles and assumptions for each alternative course of action?

    <p>Develop alternative courses of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a rational approach to moral decision-making according to the text?

    <p>Intuition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an important virtue in virtue ethics?

    <p>Prudence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the four-step problem-solving process, which step involves identifying the technical facts, moral parameters, legal constraints, and relevant human values?

    <p>Problem identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Rights Approach in ethics?

    <p>Protecting the ethical rights of those affected by an action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is associated with the Fairness or Justice Approach in ethics?

    <p>John Rawls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Divine Command Approach to ethics holds that:

    <p>What is right is the same as what God commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Virtue Approach is NOT true?

    <p>It focuses primarily on the consequences of individual actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Feminist Approach to ethics is closely related to which other ethical approach?

    <p>The Virtue Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a 'supererogatory' action according to the text?

    <p>An action that goes 'above and beyond the call of duty'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary ethical principle that justifies legislation such as 'No facemask, No Entry' at malls and lockdowns in areas with high COVID-19 cases?

    <p>Beneficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of the principle of beneficence?

    <p>We ought to respect autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the principle of non-maleficence is TRUE?

    <p>It requires nurses to avoid causing harm to patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical principle is considered the cornerstone of a trusting nurse-patient relationship?

    <p>Fidelity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the principle of veracity is FALSE?

    <p>It is explicitly mentioned in the Hippocratic Oath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical principle is primarily concerned with fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment of individuals?

    <p>Justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key distinction between moral norms and other regulative norms according to the text?

    <p>Moral norms are a personal system of values, while other regulative norms come from external sources like society or religion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the Utilitarian Approach and the Egoistic Approach?

    <p>The Utilitarian Approach seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain for everyone, while the Egoistic Approach seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain only for the individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is associated with the Common Good Approach as described in the text?

    <p>Jean-Jacques Rousseau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key tenet of Kant's Duty-Based Approach according to the text?

    <p>Actions should be judged based on their ability to become a universal law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the Utilitarian Approach and the Non-consequentialist Theories as described in the text?

    <p>The Utilitarian Approach considers the consequences of actions, while Non-consequentialist Theories focus on the intentions behind actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the views of Epicurus and John Stuart Mill on the Utilitarian Approach?

    <p>Epicurus promoted a more materialist idea of pleasure, while Mill promoted a more subjective concept of happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Moral Norms and Regulative Norms

    • Moral norm: a specific individual system of personal values with validity of genesis, development, and adoption
    • Other regulative norms: close to moral, including those of primitive societies, customs, religion, and law

    Traditional Arrangements of Ethics

    • The Utilitarian Approach:
      • Epicurus (341-270 BCE): the best life is one that produces the least pain and distress
      • Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832): actions are good or bad based on the amount and degree of pleasure and/or pain they produce
      • John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): modified the system to prioritize happiness over pleasure
    • The Egoistic Approach:
      • Variation of utilitarian approach, prioritizing individual self-interest
      • Proponents: Thrasymacus (c. 459-400 BCE), Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), and Ayn Rand (1905-1982)
    • The Common Good Approach:
      • Plato (427-347 BCE) and Aristotle (384-322 BCE): actions should contribute to ethical communal life
      • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): the best society should be guided by the "general will" of the people

    Non-Consequentialist Theories

    • The Duty-Based Approach:
      • Associated with Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): doing what is right is about having the proper intention, not about consequences
      • Kant's formula for discovering ethical duty: "categorical imperative"

    Levels of Morals Response

    • The Expressive Level: unanalyzed expressions or feelings without justification
    • The Pre-Reflective Level: justification via law, religious tenets, social values, codes of ethics, etc.
    • The Reflective Level: reasoned ethical argument based on ethical principles, rules, virtues, and values
    • Meta-Ethics: the nature of right or good, and the justification of ethical issues
    • Normative Ethics: standards and principles
    • Applied Ethics: the application of ethical principles to particular situations

    Types of Ethical Theories

    • Consequentialist Theories: primarily concerned with the ethical consequences of actions
    • Non-Consequentialist Theories: broadly concerned with the intentions of the person making ethical decisions
    • Agent-Centered Theories: more concerned with the overall ethical status of individuals

    Consequentialist Theories

    • The Right Approach: the best ethical action is the one that produces the best outcomes
    • The Utility Approach: the right action is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number

    The Problem-Solving Process

      1. Problem Identification: technical facts, moral parameters, legal constraints, and relevant human values
      1. Developing Alternative Courses of Action: identifying ethical principles, recognizing ethical assumptions, and determining additional emerging ethical problems
      1. Selecting One Alternative Course of Action: justifying the selection and defending it on ethical grounds
      1. Evaluating the Outcome: reflecting on the consequences of the chosen action

    Other Ethical Theories

    • The Rights Approach: protects the ethical rights of those affected by the action, emphasizing dignity and respect for human rights
    • The Fairness or Justice Approach: treats all people equally, based on principles of justice and fairness
    • The Divine Command Approach: sees what is right as what God commands, based on the idea that God's will is the definition of ethics
    • The Virtue Approach: argues that ethical actions should be consistent with ideal human virtues, focusing on the character of the person rather than the action itself
    • The Feminist Approach: emphasizes the importance of the experiences of women and other marginalized groups in ethical deliberation, prioritizing care and compassion over justice and fairness

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    Description

    Explore different levels of moral response including expressive level, pre-reflective level, reflective level, and meta-ethics. Learn about justifications based on ethical principles, rules, virtues, values, and more.

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