LET Exam Review Notes: Key People & Literature

• Review notes for LET exam September 2023

Key People and Terms

• Lope K. Santos: Known as the father of Filipino grammar.
• Narciso Claveria: Used Spanish surnames by Filipinos.
• Dimasalang: Rizal's pen name.
• Juan Luna: An international artist.
• Leah Salonga: Related to the Propaganda movement of Rizal.
• Bienvenido Santos: Wrote "Scent of Apple."
• Mi Ultimo Adios: An elegy.
• Andres Bonifacio: Related to the Decalogo.
• Matriarchal: Describes Rizal's view on the mother's role in the family..
• 7x2x2x2=56: Prime factors of 56.
• Andres Bonifacio: Gregoria de Jesus saw her husband charged for treason by fellow Filipinos who formed the Philippine Revolutionary force to fight Spain.
• Illustrados: Educated Filipinos during the Spanish regime in the Philippines who belonged to affluent middle-class families.
• El Verdadero Decalogo: One of the works of Apolinario Mabini.
• Aesop's Fables: Collection Stories of Animals
• O Henry: Pen name of William Sydney Porter, author of "The Last Leaf" and "The Gift of the Magi".

Grammar/Language

• Tuldok Kuwit: Used to signal the end of a sentence that's immediately followed by another clause
• Pang-uri: "Malakas" acts as this in the sentence "Malakas ang boses ni Hilda".
• Pang-abay: Word that describes a verb (action word)
  • Example: Dahan-dahan (slowly) in the sentence "Dahan-dahan siyang naglakad".

General Knowledge

• Homer: Author of the famous works "Illiad and Odyssey

Governance

• Meritocracy: A country or social system where people get power or money based on their ability. Example: Singapore.
• Elpidio Quirino: First Philippine President from Ilocos Region.
• Community Tax: Tax imposed on every citizen in the Philippines.

Science

• Aircon: Consumes the most electricity.
• Bait: Worms are used by fishermen as this
• Conduction: Ironing clothes, and melting with cold hands, is an example of this process
• Kinetic: What an electric fan is to potential energy of a Battery

Curriculum and Instruction

• Curriculum: Comes from the Latin word "currere," meaning "journey" or "total learning experiences" in education.
• Curriculum Development: Sum total of learning experiences that are learner-centered.
• Curriculum Development Mnemonics: PDIE (Plan, Design, Implement, Evaluate).
• New Elementary School Curriculum (NESC): Focuses on mastery of basics.
• New Secondary Education Curriculum (NSEC) Emphasizes values and is unidisciplinary.
• Revised Basic Education Curriculum (RBEC) Core values: Makabayan, Makabansa, Makakalikasan, Maka-Diyos.
• Understanding by Design (UBD): Employs backward design, starting with intended learning outcomes
• Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum (EBEC): Aims to be globally competitive, with lifelong learning, adheres to international standards, and uses mother tongue in K-3.
• Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum (EBEC): Uses Spiral Progression, integrated learning, to decongest curriculum by 70%.
• MATATAG Curriculum: Essentialist, with a focus on retained and reduced content, and contextualized with 4R's.

Teaching Approaches

• Inductive Approach: indirect teaching, specific to general, increases child participation by focusing on interest, needs, and abilities
• Deductive Approach: direct teaching; general to specific; knowledge for future use, mastery of content less student centered
• Transductive: Considers learners experience, society, culture.
• Method: Organized plan to attain your teaching philosophy (lecture, discussion, PBM).
• Strategy: Specific plan or tactic.
• Technique: Personal trick (mnemonics, probing).

Major Curriculum Patterns/Designs

• Subject-based.
• Learner-centered.
• Problem-based.

Teacher as Curricularist

• Knower: Masters the lesson, content, knowledge and pedagogy.
• Initiator: Attends seminars and is a lifelong learner.
• Writer: Writes and publishes.
• Implementor: Uses and applies instruction.
• Planner: Plans and organizes (lesson plan).
• Innovator: Thinks outside the box (creates), is flexible, and original.
• Evaluator: Judges and criticizes.

Seven Types of Curriculum in the School

• Supported.
• Assessed.
• Learned.
• Taught.
• Recommended.
• Hidden.
• Written.

Curriculum Theorists

• Ralph Tyler: Curriculum should be linear, focusing on the purpose of the school
• Hilda Taba: Curriculum starts needs and experiences of students and emphasizes the teacher's role.
• Franklin Bobbit: Views curriculum as a science based on learners needs for adult life
• Werret Charter: Curriculum focused on the subject matter.
• William Kilpatrick: Uses project method.
• Harol Rugg: Sees curriculum as a social science focused on the holistic child.
• Holis Caswell: Believes curriculum should be well organized with social functions.

Curriculum Foundations

• Sociology - study of Society
• Auguste Comte - Father of Sociology
• Herbert Spencer - survival of the fittest
• Karl Marx - consensus and conflict
• Talcot Parson - curriculum has institution
• John Dewey - knowledge (socialization) Enculturation - own group; survival of the fittest Acculturation - outer group; social casing Assimilation - kinalimutan mo ang culture mo dahil nakatuto ka ng ibang culture Accommodation - hindi mo nakalimutan ang culture mo, nag-adjust ka lang Amalgamation - dalawang magkaibang culture ang ni-combine mo into one, creating a new culture

Curriculum Foundations

• Sociocultural: Study of society, survival of the fittest, addresses consensus, conflict, and knowledge socialization.
• Philosophical: Includes wisdom of the ancients.
• Psychological: Focuses on behavior.
• Historical: Arranged chronologically.

Important Terms

• Masochism: Tolerance receiving pain.
• Splitting: Bipolar.
• Procrastination: Mañana Habit.
• Indolence: Laziness.
• Late: Tardiness.
• Tamad: Truancy (Absenteeism).

Ism's of Education

• Idealism: Focus on mind and spirits, reality is mental, curriculum is subject-centered, proponent Plato.

Ism's of Education-Realism

• Realism: Proponent Aristotle; teachers guide the highly developed student, truth is objective and observed.
• Realism: Uses question and answer (Socratic Method or Q and A Primer).

Ism's of Education- Pragmatism

• Pragmatism: From 'pragma' meaning 'to do,' curriculum must be child-centered
• Pragmatism: Belief in change, prioritizes action related, involves C. B. Pearce, William James, Schiller, and John Dewey.

Ism's of Education- Existentialism

• Existentialism: Focuses on freedom and choice, learning is self-paced, curriculum is problem-based.
• Existentialism: Key figures S. Kierkegaard, F. Nietzsche, and J. P. Sartre.

Ism's of Education- Essentialism

• Essentialism: Teachers impart basic knowledge and values, subject matter is central, teachers are authority, students are passive
• Essentialism: Centers on the 3 R's: reading, 'riting, 'rithmetic, right conduct (William Bagley)

Perennialism

• Adheres to the idea that "Truth shall set you free" through the curriculum.
• Based on Great Books and evergreen ideas.
• The pupils follows the teacher which is the dispenser of knowledge where the subject is at the center of the topic

Progressivism

• Relies on the betterment/Choice ng bata na gumaling
• Based in John Dewey
• Pupil is active
• Teacher is facilitator
• Curriculum is learner-centered.

Reconstructionism

• Aims to rebuild society on a problem-based curriculum with the student being the observer and the teacher being the agent.

Empericism

• "Sense-based experience"
• A philosophy that relies on the 5 senses in order to gain information

Behaviorism

• Human being are shaped entirely by their environment

Rationalism

• Rene Decartes
• Knowledge is aquired through reson

Branches of Philosophy

• Metaphysics - Go beyond the natural knowledge
• Epistemology - Truth / theory of knowledge
• Logic - Thinking and reasoning
• Axiology - Values, morality, conscience
• Naturalism - Ecological, loco parentis, spencer
• Hedonism - Pleasure
• Utilitarianism - Greater number for the greater purpose
• Cognitivism - Mental processes
• Constructivism - Prior knowledge, review
• Skepticism - Doubts, trust issues
• Stoicism - Acceptance

Historical Foundations

• Pre-Spanish: Aimed at enculturation.
• Spanish: Focused on Christianity, with "Colegios" for boys and "Beaterios" for girls in vernacular language.
• American: Taught democracy with a formal English education

Historical Foundations (Cont.)

• Commonwealth: Education focused on nationalism, democracy, 6 years taught in Elementary tagalog, and citizenship.
• Japanese: Focused on love for labor and vocational education.
• Republic Period: Education for all with patriotism.
• New Society (1972): Aimed for Millineum Development, High Proffessions with the focus on 3R's
• Present Period: Aims SDGs with curriculum focused on trifocalization and global education.

Roles

• Facilitator: Right-brain.
• Active Learners: Left-brain(memorization, detail-oriented).

Learning

• Imitation: Modeling.
• Learning Style: Individual differences
• Intelligence: Howard Gardner.
• Metacognition: Jan Flavell; Thinking about thinking.

Curriculum Planning

• Assess and Collect Data: Proactive and Reactive.
• Planning Short Term - Lesson Plan
• Planning Long Term - Syllabus
• Designing: Content organized by grade placement.

Planning (Good content criteria)

• Validity: teaches what it intends to teach in real life.
• Appropriateness: suited to the grade level and competency.
• Continuity: relevant and without gaps.
• Usefulness.
• Significance.
• Interest: learnability.

Planning

• Implementation
• Evaluation

Elements and components of Content

• Balance - Equalibrium
• Articulation - Smoth
• Sequence - organization
• Integrated - Relevance

Curriculum Implementation

• Requires teacher professionalism considering knowledge, skills and attitude(KSA), level of competence, credibility, reliability, and innovation
• Acknowledge Emotional Stability

Important Acronyms

• MOOCS -massive open online course, open to anyone
• AQRF - asean quality reference framework
• PQF - philippine qualifications framework

Rationalization

• Total physical environment that supports learning- Safe and secure building and classroom structures
• Evidence of learning - Change of behavior
• A learner gaining 5 pounds -Growth
• An expert leaner process ____ information: Important
• An novice learner process ____ information: All

Rationalization Cont.

• One of the goals of the institutions that is aligned by the constitution- To develop vocational efficiency
• Marking on the Normative - The normal distribution curve should be followed
• According to Maslow Satisfaction is reached as _____: Ego actualization
• Students performance becuase of awareness being watched- Hawthorne
• _____ assist one in discovering their ID- Exploring roles in the society
• Evidence Based instruction impliement _____ : instuction supported by good research
• Computing grades G1- G10 for a bi semester ____: By grade average the whole year
• Showing respect for human dignity - work well with views

Jean Piaget

• Cognitive Development Theory.
• Nature.
• Naturalist.
• Innate.

Lev Vygotsky

• Sociocultural Theory.
• More Knowledgeably Others (MKO).
• Nurture.
• Behaviorist.
• Environment.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

• Kuno ano ung kayang gawin ng bata.
• Lev Vygotsky
• May scaffolding; helps child

Robert Gagne

• 9 events instructions
• Acronym GIRP- PEPA-E
• Gaining attention
• Informing objective
• Recalling prior knowledge
• -Presenting material

Types of Skewedness

• Positive - skewed to the right
• Positive - hard exam mallit ang scores
• Positive clusted on the left, right has tail
• Negative - skewed to the left
• Matatalino
• Values are concentrated left

Psychological Effects

• Mnemonics: Si RR at Golem ay kumain ng Halo Hawlo
• Rosenthel- High to High
• High expectations
• Also called Pygmailion Effect
• Ripple_ Escating o Dumarami
• Low expectaions
• Golem: poor to poor
• Halo: FIrst impressions

Traditional Assessment

• Teacher Structured
• Ex: Pn paper license exam

Alternate Assessment

• Perfomance
• Portfiolio

Authentic Assesment

• Real life applied
• Student structred

Reading Tools - Grance Goodell

• Mnemonics: BPSC - VMSC - FPD - ELPM-I
• Contextaulclues

Experience Code

• Edgeer dale Reading Hearing photos Videos

The Types of Assesment

1.) Assesment FOR Learning

• placement (sections students based on performance
• diagnostic exam (pinpoints weaknesses and strength 2.) Assesment AS leraning
• Teachers and Students
• reflective of roles

Charateristic of a good test

####Reliability

• Consistancy, ####Validity Not all reliability ####criterion- Refference
• Ano ba critiera para makapasa sa LET?

###American Colonization ####Teaching Method

• They are encouraging the students to improve the leadership skills such as coaches and mentors ###Which colonizatiom is about modern education ####Cultral Education ###Gender Discrimination ####Afghanistan girl are not limited too ###Number Pattern ####To improve numerical skills ###The most important place to have for the community ####The economic status

###The affect of lip injury ####Communication ###During life span where assumption are taken from to joining groups ####The leraning happens all life