Lesson 1: Second Industrial Revolution

Study Notes

Frederick Taylor is the founder of Scientific Management.
Taylor studied Mechanical Engineering at the Stevens Institute of Technology.
Taylor coined the term "Natural Soldiering" to describe the tendency of workers to take it easy.
He also coined the term "Systematic Soldiering" to describe peer pressure of workers to conform to lower levels of effort.
Taylor proposed to overcome soldiering in the workplace by using science through time and motion studies.
Time and Motion Studies involved identifying unnecessary movements, decreasing fatigue, and writing job descriptions.
Henry Gantt is famous for creating the Gantt Chart.
Frank Gilbreth's invention eliminated the need for bending down to the ground in bricklaying.
Gilbreth used a motion picture camera to record a worker's path of motion.
Applied Motion Study is the term that best describes the process of recording a worker's movements to analyze efficiency.
Taylor suggested that using science to redesign jobs was the key to management control of the production process.

The assembly line raised concerns about worker satisfaction and welfare due to repetitive tasks and the speed of work.
The increased availability of cheap goods due to assembly line production led to the rise of a consumer culture.
Fordism had a long-term effect of mass consumption and the widening of the middle class in the U.S. and other societies.
The implied agreement between workers and factory owners that Fordism was based on was hard, tedious work in exchange for entry into the middle class.
Assembly lines greatly increased the efficiency of manufacturing processes.
The mass production capabilities brought about by Fordism led to a rise in the variety and affordability of products.

Militarism leading up to World War I was based on the belief that a country should have a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively.
Nationalism played a role in increasing tensions in Europe before World War I, with pride in one's country being a major factor.
The Triple Entente before World War I consisted of the United Kingdom, France, and Russia.
Technological developments such as machine guns, tanks, and chemical weapons had a significant impact during World War I.
Trench warfare was the primary tactic used in the Western Front during World War I.
After World War I, nations aimed to build stability and peace by forming the League of Nations.
The League of Nations aimed to settle disputes peacefully to prevent wars.
The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 had a significant impact on Germany, demobilizing its military, causing it to lose territories and colonies, and leading to economic hardship.