Data Structures
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Questions and Answers

What is recursion in programming?

  • A process where a function creates multiple instances of itself to solve different problems
  • A process where a function calls another function to solve a problem
  • A process where a function calls itself once or multiple times to solve a problem (correct)
  • A process where a function stops other functions from running

    • What is direct recursion?

  • When a method invokes another method
  • When a method creates multiple instances of itself
  • When a method stops recursion abruptly
  • When a method calls itself directly (correct)

    • What is indirect recursion?

  • When a method invokes another method, leading to the original method calling another method (correct)
  • When a method creates an infinite loop
  • When all methods in a program are linked together
  • When a method creates no loops at all

    • Why is having a base case important in recursive algorithms?

    <p>To stop the algorithm from recurring infinitely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between recursion and iteration in programming?

    <p>Recursion terminates when a base case is reached, while iteration terminates when a condition is proven false</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is linear recursion?

    <p>The function calls itself once each time it is invoked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a singly linked list and a doubly linked list?

    <p>Doubly linked list contains an extra pointer to the previous node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a doubly linked list represented in memory?

    <p>Placing the address of the preceding node in the left pointer field of each node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Circular Linked List?

    <p>A linked list where the last node points to the first node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to check if a Linked List is empty?

    <p>.isEmpty();</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you sort a Linked List in reverse order?

    <p>Collections.sort(linkedList, Collections.reverseOrder());</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Doubly Linked List store in its 'predecessor' pointer field?

    <p>Address of the preceding node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first node in a linked list called?

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the last node in a linked list identified?

    <p>Points to null</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation in a linked list adds an element into the list?

    <p>Insert</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a linked list, how is the number of elements handled compared to an array?

    <p>The number of elements can expand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a linked list use to connect nodes?

    <p>An arrow to the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation in a linked list returns the number of elements in the list?

    <p>Count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data structure is a stack?

    <p>Recursive data structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a stack, where can insertion and deletion operations be performed?

    <p>Only at one end (top)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between stacks and the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) principle?

    <p>Stacks follow the LIFO principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are stacks utilized in program execution?

    <p>To store information about parameters and return points of executing methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which package in Java contains the Stack class methods mentioned for implementing stacks?

    <p>java.util</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do stacks play in compilers?

    <p>Storing information during expression evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when encountering a right parenthesis in the infix to postfix conversion algorithm?

    <p>Append all elements to the postfix expression until a left parenthesis is encountered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is taken if a token is an operand in the stack applications algorithm?

    <p>Append it to the postfix expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the postfix to infix conversion, what operation is performed when '6, 4 + Pop 6 and 4 Perform + Push result 9'?

    <p>Addition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when a token is an operator with lower or equal precedence than the top of the stack in the stack applications algorithm?

    <p>Pop the operator from the top of the stack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What operation is performed when '10, 6 Pop 6 and 10 Perform * Push result 10 * 6 60' in the postfix to infix conversion?

    <p>Multiplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is an operator handled in the stack applications algorithm if the stack is empty?

    <p>Push it to the stack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Recursion Fundamentals

    • Recursion is a process where a function calls itself once or multiple times to solve a problem
    • Any function that calls itself is recursive
    • Types of recursion:
      • Direct recursion: a method directly calls itself
      • Indirect recursion: a method invokes another method, eventually resulting in the original method being invoked again
    • Requirements for a recursive algorithm:
      • Have a base case to stop recursion
      • Change its state and move toward the base case
      • Call itself, recursively

    Recursion vs. Iteration

    • Recursion:
      • Terminates when a base case is reached
      • Requires extra memory space for each recursive call
      • Risk of infinite recursion and stack overflow
    • Iteration:
      • Terminates when a condition is proven to be false
      • Does not require extra memory space
      • Risk of infinite loop

    Stacks

    • A stack is an ordered list in which insertion and deletion can only be performed at one end (the top)
    • A stack is a recursive data structure having a pointer to its top element
    • Stack operations:
      • Push: add an element to the top of the stack
      • Pop: remove an element from the top of the stack
    • Stack applications:
      • Evaluating postfix expressions
      • Implementing recursive algorithms
      • Parsing syntax in compilers

    Linked Lists

    • A linked list is a dynamic data structure in which each node has a pointer to the next node
    • Operations on a linked list:
      • Display: show the elements in the list
      • Insert: add an element to the list
      • Delete: remove an element from the list
      • Search: find a specific element in the list
      • Count: return the number of elements in the list
    • Types of linked lists:
      • Singly linked list: each node has a pointer to the next node
      • Doubly linked list: each node has pointers to both the previous and next nodes
      • Circular linked list: the last node points back to the first node

    Stack Applications

    • Converting infix to postfix expressions
    • Evaluating postfix expressions
    • Implementing recursive algorithms

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