Data Structures
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Questions and Answers

What is recursion in programming?

  • A process where a function creates multiple instances of itself to solve different problems
  • A process where a function calls another function to solve a problem
  • A process where a function calls itself once or multiple times to solve a problem (correct)
  • A process where a function stops other functions from running

What is direct recursion?

  • When a method invokes another method
  • When a method creates multiple instances of itself
  • When a method stops recursion abruptly
  • When a method calls itself directly (correct)

What is indirect recursion?

  • When a method invokes another method, leading to the original method calling another method (correct)
  • When a method creates an infinite loop
  • When all methods in a program are linked together
  • When a method creates no loops at all

Why is having a base case important in recursive algorithms?

<p>To stop the algorithm from recurring infinitely (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between recursion and iteration in programming?

<p>Recursion terminates when a base case is reached, while iteration terminates when a condition is proven false (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is linear recursion?

<p>The function calls itself once each time it is invoked (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a singly linked list and a doubly linked list?

<p>Doubly linked list contains an extra pointer to the previous node. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a doubly linked list represented in memory?

<p>Placing the address of the preceding node in the left pointer field of each node. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Circular Linked List?

<p>A linked list where the last node points to the first node. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to check if a Linked List is empty?

<p>.isEmpty(); (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you sort a Linked List in reverse order?

<p>Collections.sort(linkedList, Collections.reverseOrder()); (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Doubly Linked List store in its 'predecessor' pointer field?

<p>Address of the preceding node. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first node in a linked list called?

<p>Head (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the last node in a linked list identified?

<p>Points to null (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operation in a linked list adds an element into the list?

<p>Insert (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a linked list, how is the number of elements handled compared to an array?

<p>The number of elements can expand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a linked list use to connect nodes?

<p>An arrow to the right (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operation in a linked list returns the number of elements in the list?

<p>Count (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data structure is a stack?

<p>Recursive data structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a stack, where can insertion and deletion operations be performed?

<p>Only at one end (top) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between stacks and the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) principle?

<p>Stacks follow the LIFO principle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are stacks utilized in program execution?

<p>To store information about parameters and return points of executing methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which package in Java contains the Stack class methods mentioned for implementing stacks?

<p>java.util (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do stacks play in compilers?

<p>Storing information during expression evaluation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when encountering a right parenthesis in the infix to postfix conversion algorithm?

<p>Append all elements to the postfix expression until a left parenthesis is encountered. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is taken if a token is an operand in the stack applications algorithm?

<p>Append it to the postfix expression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the postfix to infix conversion, what operation is performed when '6, 4 + Pop 6 and 4 Perform + Push result 9'?

<p>Addition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when a token is an operator with lower or equal precedence than the top of the stack in the stack applications algorithm?

<p>Pop the operator from the top of the stack. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What operation is performed when '10, 6 Pop 6 and 10 Perform * Push result 10 * 6 60' in the postfix to infix conversion?

<p>Multiplication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is an operator handled in the stack applications algorithm if the stack is empty?

<p>Push it to the stack. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Recursion Fundamentals

  • Recursion is a process where a function calls itself once or multiple times to solve a problem
  • Any function that calls itself is recursive
  • Types of recursion:
    • Direct recursion: a method directly calls itself
    • Indirect recursion: a method invokes another method, eventually resulting in the original method being invoked again
  • Requirements for a recursive algorithm:
    • Have a base case to stop recursion
    • Change its state and move toward the base case
    • Call itself, recursively

Recursion vs. Iteration

  • Recursion:
    • Terminates when a base case is reached
    • Requires extra memory space for each recursive call
    • Risk of infinite recursion and stack overflow
  • Iteration:
    • Terminates when a condition is proven to be false
    • Does not require extra memory space
    • Risk of infinite loop

Stacks

  • A stack is an ordered list in which insertion and deletion can only be performed at one end (the top)
  • A stack is a recursive data structure having a pointer to its top element
  • Stack operations:
    • Push: add an element to the top of the stack
    • Pop: remove an element from the top of the stack
  • Stack applications:
    • Evaluating postfix expressions
    • Implementing recursive algorithms
    • Parsing syntax in compilers

Linked Lists

  • A linked list is a dynamic data structure in which each node has a pointer to the next node
  • Operations on a linked list:
    • Display: show the elements in the list
    • Insert: add an element to the list
    • Delete: remove an element from the list
    • Search: find a specific element in the list
    • Count: return the number of elements in the list
  • Types of linked lists:
    • Singly linked list: each node has a pointer to the next node
    • Doubly linked list: each node has pointers to both the previous and next nodes
    • Circular linked list: the last node points back to the first node

Stack Applications

  • Converting infix to postfix expressions
  • Evaluating postfix expressions
  • Implementing recursive algorithms

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