12 Questions
Which of the following is the causative agent of leptospirosis?
Bacteria
Which of the following diseases is not mosquito-borne?
Meningococcemia
How is the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) transmitted?
Through respiratory secretions
What is the causative agent of chikungunya?
Virus
Which of the following diseases is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis?
Meningococcemia
What is the recommended treatment for patients with meningococcal rash?
Intravenous or intramuscular antibiotics
What is the main cause of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease?
Coxsackievirus
Why was Influenza A(H1N1) called swine flu when first detected in 2009?
Due to its origin in pigs
What is the Incubation stage of a disease?
The time between exposure to a contagious disease and symptom appearance
What characterizes the Prodromal Stage of a disease?
Period when the disease is communicable
What is the Convalescent stage of a disease?
The patient recovers his/her strength
What characterizes Acute Respiratory Infections?
Signs and symptoms like body aches and fatigue
Study Notes
Bacterial and Viral Diseases
- Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira bacteria, transmitted through urine of infected animals or contaminated environment.
- Control methods include vaccination and rodent control, and prevention involves wearing protective clothing and avoiding contaminated water.
Viral Diseases
- SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is a viral respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV, which led to a global outbreak in 2003.
- COVID-19 is a member of the SARS-CoV family and is currently a major global problem.
Mosquito-Borne Diseases
- Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes, causing fever and severe joint pain (arthralgia).
Bacterial Infections
- Meningococcemia is a bacterial infection of the blood caused by Neisseria meningitides, which can have a high mortality rate if untreated.
- Transmission occurs from person-to-person through respiratory secretions.
- Patients require antibiotic treatment through IV or IM routes as soon as diagnosis is suspected.
Viral Infections
- Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease is caused by Coxsackievirus and enterovirus, with no available vaccine.
- Avian Influenza (A(H7N9)) is a subtype of influenza viruses detected in birds and humans in China since 2013.
- Influenza A(H1N1) is a flu virus that was first detected in 2009, similar to those found in pigs.
- Vaccines have been developed to protect against the H1N1 virus.
Stages of Infectious Diseases
- Incubation stage: time between exposure and appearance of symptoms, varying from hours to months.
- Prodromal stage: body reacts to the presence of pathogen, lasting about 1-2 days.
- Acute stage: highest point of disease, with signs and symptoms for diagnosis.
- Declining stage: symptoms start to subside, but patient is still recovering.
- Convalescent stage: patient recovers strength and returns to normal state of health.
Terminology
- Morbidity: disease state of an individual or occurrence of illness in a population.
- Mortality: number of deaths in a population.
- Acute Respiratory Infections: infection in the upper or lower respiratory tract, preventing breathing.
- Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tubes, with signs and symptoms including wheezing, cough, chest discomfort, and low fever.
Test your knowledge on Leptospirosis, a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira bacteria, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Learn about transmission, prevention, and control measures of these diseases.
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