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Questions and Answers
What is a key factor that can lead to lost information in short-term memory?
What is a key factor that can lead to lost information in short-term memory?
Which of the following describes estimator variables in identification procedures?
Which of the following describes estimator variables in identification procedures?
In eyewitness identification procedures, what is meant by 'sensitive'?
In eyewitness identification procedures, what is meant by 'sensitive'?
What error source is related to the retrieval phase of memory?
What error source is related to the retrieval phase of memory?
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What cumulative disadvantage exists in the criminal justice system relating to biases?
What cumulative disadvantage exists in the criminal justice system relating to biases?
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What can lead to a false confession according to the provided content?
What can lead to a false confession according to the provided content?
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Which cognitive bias is mentioned as a potential factor during police interrogation?
Which cognitive bias is mentioned as a potential factor during police interrogation?
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What is a key characteristic of coerced-compliant false confessions?
What is a key characteristic of coerced-compliant false confessions?
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What initial action does the police officer suggest to the suspect to potentially alleviate the situation?
What initial action does the police officer suggest to the suspect to potentially alleviate the situation?
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Which type of false confession occurs when a suspect believes they have committed the crime?
Which type of false confession occurs when a suspect believes they have committed the crime?
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What behavior might contribute to a suspect feeling pressured during interrogation?
What behavior might contribute to a suspect feeling pressured during interrogation?
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What consequence can aggressive presumption of guilt during questioning lead to?
What consequence can aggressive presumption of guilt during questioning lead to?
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What is an example of a false negative in the context of confessions?
What is an example of a false negative in the context of confessions?
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What is a primary aim of legal psychology?
What is a primary aim of legal psychology?
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How does police interviewing differ from investigative interviewing?
How does police interviewing differ from investigative interviewing?
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What type of questioning technique is used in investigative interviewing?
What type of questioning technique is used in investigative interviewing?
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Which aspect is prioritized in police interviewing practices?
Which aspect is prioritized in police interviewing practices?
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What is emphasized in the interrogation process mentioned for police procedures in the USA?
What is emphasized in the interrogation process mentioned for police procedures in the USA?
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What is a significant methodological difference between police and investigative interviewing?
What is a significant methodological difference between police and investigative interviewing?
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Which statement accurately reflects a tactical approach in investigative interviewing?
Which statement accurately reflects a tactical approach in investigative interviewing?
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Why is it important to understand the psychological aspects of the legal system?
Why is it important to understand the psychological aspects of the legal system?
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Study Notes
Legal Psychology - Evidence Gathering
- Legal psychology combines psychology and law to understand the psychological aspects of the legal system
- Aims of legal psychology:
- Enhance the scientific understanding of psychological aspects of the legal system
- Investigate the validity of psychological assumptions underlying material law
- Contribute to the operation of law agencies (e.g., police, penal systems, courts)
Reliability and Validity
- Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure; a reliable measure will produce similar results if repeated
- Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure; a valid measure will accurately measure what it intends to measure
- Diagrams illustrate different combinations of reliable/not reliable and valid/not valid measures
Police Interviewing
- Common Law (adversarial system)
- Predominantly in the USA and former British empire
- Prosecution and defense present case before a judge and jury
- Judge's role is passive, deciding admissibility of evidence
- Civil Law (inquisitorial system)
- Most other countries, including continental Europe
- Investigating judge manages the inquiry
- Judge's role is active, evaluates all evidence
Interrogation (e.g., USA)
- Focus on establishing control
- Closed, confirmatory questions
- Confession-oriented
- Use of psychological manipulation
- Detecting deception through anxiety cues
Investigative Interviewing (e.g., Netherlands, UK)
- Focus on rapport-building
- Open-ended, explanatory questions
- Gathering information
- Direct, positive confrontation
- Detecting deception through cognitive cues
An Example of an Interview
- Interview example demonstrates interaction between police officer and suspect in an alleged crime
- Police officer elicits information about suspect's whereabouts on a specific date
- Officer responds to suspect's statements and uses questions to gather more information
- Officer uses evidence (e.g. video footage) to highlight possible inconsistencies
Human Error Sources in Police Interviewing/Interrogation
- Trickery/deceit
- False confidence in detecting lies
- Poor listening/many questions/high pace
- Cognitive/behavioral biases (e.g., confirmation)
- Potential for these errors to create a "chain reaction"
False Confessions
- Suspect as perpetrator:
- Correct/true confession
- False denial (false negative)
- Suspect not the perpetrator:
- False confession (false positive)
- Correct/true denial
- Three types of false confessions:
- Voluntary
- Coerced-compliant
- Coerced-internalized
- The errors highlight the potential for pressure/coercion by police
Eyewitness Memory
- Sensory information from the environment enters sensory memory
- Attended information moves to short-term memory
- Rehearsal moves information to long-term memory
- Retrieval retrieves information from memory
Error Sources in Memory
- Acquisition: event factors, witness factors
- Retention: forgetting, post-event information
- Retrieval: police interview, difficult topics
Eyewitness Identification Procedures
- Sensitive: Procedures should support a reliable identification, allowing a potentially valid identification.
- Fair: Limit the possibility of false identifications.
Error Sources in Identification Procedures
- Estimator variables: event & witness factors, cross-race identification, decision speed, viewing time.
- System variables: identification method, selection of fillers, instructions, blind vs. non-blind procedure.
Cumulative Disadvantage in the Criminal Justice System?
- Question of whether disadvantages affect criminal justice outcomes
Biases at the Level of the Police
- "Guilty by association"; bias against ethnic minorities
- Communication barriers; language biases
- Interaction with authority; cross-cultural interactions
- Lie detection challenges
Biases at the Level of the Court
- Cultural influences on strategies and defense; procedural justice
- Expressions of guilt/shame
- Jury composition biases
- Stereotype activation
- Diagnosing personality disorders
- Estimating recidivism risk
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Description
Test your knowledge on the intersection of legal psychology and law. This quiz covers the aims of legal psychology, the concepts of reliability and validity, and police interviewing techniques. Understand how psychological principles are applied within various legal contexts.
