Legal Procedures and Technology Impact Quiz

Legal Defenses

• Legal defenses are based on violating the law, divided into substantive and procedural defenses.
• They can be raised even before the Court of Cassation.
• Examples of substantive defenses include: the absence of an element of the crime, such as a missing material element or criminal intent.
• Another example is a plea that one of the legal aggravating circumstances that the prosecution requested to apply to the incident was not proven, or not investigated according to the facts, or the absence of an element of civil liability, such as error, damage, and causation.

Pleading Forms

• Lawyers use various methods to plead before courts, differing in ability to present arguments.
• Methods depend on the case type (civil or criminal).
• Common pleading methods include recitation (reading from written pleadings) and improvisation (spontaneously presenting arguments).

PLEADING METHODS

• Recitation: Lawyers read previously written pleadings. While simple, it may seem tedious to a judge, as he often has a copy of all submitted documents, including those pleadings. The judge may view it as a weakness in the lawyer's improvisation skills and in addressing strengths of the opponent's position.

• Improvisation: Requires great mental presence, acumen, and the ability to collect and memorize case elements. This method needs significant legal knowledge of case facts, legal rules, and established precedents. It demands eloquence and rhetorical skills to engage the judge.Memorization and frequent review are vital to avoid forgetting important arguments.

• Written Improvisation: Combining recitation and improvisation by arranging case elements. This efficiently combines advantages of prior methods. It creates a well-organized, effective presentation before the court.

• General Considerations: Awareness of the judge's psychology, understanding how to convince through emotion or reasoning, is crucial. It's important to anticipate the judge's thoughts and reactions and to be prepared for the debate.

Specific Elements of Legal Cases

• Starting with strongest defenses (supported by evidence) is ideal to win over the judge and weaken the opposing party's position.
• Deductive reasoning (leading the judge to a conclusion) can be effective in arguments
• Strategic planning is essential to counter probable problems, and to develop alternative cases for the appropriate course of action.

Additional Topics

• Arab laws and regulations concerning unemployment insurance may be insufficient compared to those in European countries.
• The legal system should address unemployment issues and support sustainable development.
• Younger generations in Arab countries can play a vital role in modernizing technology adoption and job creation via appropriate training and education programs.
• Arab countries have significant financial resources to support technology advancements and investments.
• Arab interests in technology and engineering education are growing, and this will aid in technological development in the region.
• Temporary solutions, such as unemployment insurance, may be necessary while developing more effective solutions.