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Questions and Answers

Which loudness measurement technique uses a 3 second sliding window?

  • Integrated
  • Short term (correct)
  • Momentary
  • Peak

What is the primary function of a Personal Area Network (PAN)?

  • To transfer large data files over the internet
  • To transfer small files between devices (correct)
  • To provide internet access to multiple users
  • To connect a group of devices in a building

Which frame type in a Long GOP structure is used most often?

  • D Frame
  • P Frame
  • B Frame (correct)
  • I Frame

What does the term 'gated' refer to in audio loudness measurement?

<p>Excluding silences and low-level audio from average (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following codecs is NOT mentioned as a compression algorithm?

<p>H.265 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the -23 LUFS target level?

<p>For compatibility with older well-mixed programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of using B Frames in video compression?

<p>They can lead to quality degradation when edited (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Local Area Network (LAN), what is primarily shared among connected devices?

<p>Private network resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dBTP stand for in audio measurement?

<p>Decibels True Peak (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unit is used to measure perceived loudness in an audio program?

<p>Loudness Unit Full Scale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Storage Area Network (SAN)?

<p>Storing and providing access to large amounts of data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the concept of Loudness Range (LRA)?

<p>The difference between the loudest and quietest passages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is represented by LU in audio measurement?

<p>Loudness Unit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of network spans across multiple geographical areas?

<p>Wide Area Network (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'True Peak Meter' refer to in audio processing?

<p>A tool that measures inter-sample peaks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the target loudness defined for audio in the USA?

<p>-23 LUFS + 0.5 LU (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which RAID configuration can handle the failure of up to two disks simultaneously?

<p>RAID 6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum file size supported by the FAT32 file system?

<p>4GB (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which RAID level combines mirroring and striping for fault tolerance and speed?

<p>RAID 10 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of spreading parity across disks in a RAID array?

<p>Reduces the collective amount of data that can be stored (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes RAID 0's characteristics?

<p>Allows for data storage across multiple disks without fault tolerance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which file system is mentioned as being the most compatible across different operating systems?

<p>FAT32 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of RAID, what does the term 'striping' refer to?

<p>Dividing and distributing data across several disks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome occurs if two disks fail in the same RAID 1 mirrored pair?

<p>Data loss occurs in the array (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

dBTP

Decibels True Peak, a unit measuring sound intensity; describes peak signal levels.

VU meter

Volume Unit, measuring the average volume level of an audio signal.

LU

Loudness Unit, measuring perceived loudness over time, K-weighted (matches ear perception).

LUFS

Loudness Unit Full Scale, a measure of perceived loudness averaged over an entire audio program.

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PPM

Peak Programme Meter, a recommended peak level for audio programs.

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LRA

Loudness Range, the difference between a program's quietest and loudest parts.

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True Peak Meter

Measures all peak levels, including inter-sample peaks.

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Subnet

A smaller network within a larger network.

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I Frame

A complete, fully encoded video frame that contains all the visual information. It does not rely on other frames for its data.

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P Frame

A video frame that stores only the differences from the previous frame. It predicts what the current frame looks like based on the prior frame.

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B Frame

A video frame that references both past and future frames to reduce data. It's more compressed, but requires more processing.

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Inter-frame compression

A technique used in video encoding where only the differences between frames are stored, reducing file size.

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Long GOP

A video encoding scheme that uses a longer sequence of frames before a full I-frame is inserted. This increases compression but can make editing more difficult.

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Loudness

The perceived volume of an audio signal. It's measured using the LUFS (Loudness Unit Full Scale) system, which takes into account how the human ear perceives sound.

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Gated

A measurement method that excludes quiet or silent portions from the average, focusing on the louder parts.

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RAID 1 Parity

Parity is a technique used in RAID systems to protect data from disk failures. In RAID 1, every disk has a mirrored copy on another disk. This means that if one disk fails, the data can be recovered from the mirror.

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RAID 5 Parity

In RAID 5, data is spread across multiple disks with a dedicated parity disk. The parity information is calculated based on the data across the disks. If one disk fails, the parity disk can be used to reconstruct the lost data.

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RAID 6 Double Parity

RAID 6 extends RAID 5 by adding a second parity disk. This means that it can tolerate the failure of two disks without losing data. It is more resilient to failures but has a higher overhead.

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RAID 10 Mirroring & Striping

RAID 10 combines RAID 1 (mirroring) and RAID 0 (striping). This means that data is first mirrored across two disks, and then the mirrored sets are striped to provide faster performance.

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RAID 10 Speed and Fault Tolerance

RAID 10 is fast because of the striping, but it only offers half the physical drive capacity because of the mirroring. It can tolerate the failure of one disk in a mirrored pair.

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FAT 32 Compatibility

FAT 32 is a file system that is compatible with Windows, Macs, and Linux operating systems. It offers good compatibility but has limitations on file size and partition size.

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FAT 32 File and Partition Size

FAT 32 has a file size limit of 4GB and a partition size limit of 2TB. This means that you can't create files larger than 4GB or partitions larger than 2TB with this file system.

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Transcoding

Transcoding is the process of converting a video or audio codec to a different codec. This is often done to meet specific requirements or improve compatibility.

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Study Notes

  • 5 words per second (0.2 seconds per word or 300 words per minute).
  • 9 words or fewer = 0.2 seconds per word + 2 seconds added.
  • 10 words or more = 0.2 seconds per word + 3 seconds added.
  • Superimposed text on two or more lines = 0.25 seconds per word + 3 seconds.
  • Abbreviations and Postcodes count as one and two words respectively.

Text Height Minimums

  • SD 4:3: Minimum text height = 14 lines; single background = 12 lines.
  • SD 16:9: Minimum text height = 16 lines; single background = 14 lines.
  • HD 16:9: Minimum text height = 30 lines; single background = 26 lines.

Aspect Ratios

  • Resolution Type: SD, HD, Full HD, QHD, 2K video, 4K video, 8K video
  • Names: 4:3, 16:9, 1.78:1, 1:1:77, 1.85:1, 1:1:9, 2.35:1, 16:9.
  • Pixel Size: Varies based on the resolution type.

Commercial Text Safe Areas

  • SD 4:3: 67.5% width, 90% height
  • HD 16:9: 90% width, 90% height
  • Action safe area: 80%
  • Title safe area: 90%

Colour Encoding Systems

  • Analogue TV: SD, Interlaced, Composite video, PAL, Automatic Colour Correction
  • NTSC: 720x480 (486) resolution, 29.97fps (30) fps, 60 fields, 525 lines visible resolution, Manual Tint Control
  • SECAM: Sequential Colour and Memory, based on PAL, incompatible with PAL
  • PAL: Phase Alternate Line, 720x576 resolution, 25fps (50 fields), 50Hz, 625 lines visible resolution

Metadata and File Format

  • Metadata: Information that describes other data.
  • Codec: Method for compressing/decompressing data (making it smaller).
  • Wrapper: File format handling various data types together in a single file.
  • Bitrates : Unit of measure of file size (Measured in Megabits, Megabytes, Kilobytes, Mega & Giga).

File Systems and Compatibility

  • FAT32: Compatible with Windows, macOS, and Linux.
  • exFAT: Compatible with Windows and modern devices, less compatible with older devices and Linux
  • NTFS: Default file system for Windows; compatible with Windows only. macOS and Linux can read files but not write.

Codecs and Wrappers (Video/Audio)

  • Lossy Codecs: H.264, MPEG 2, MPEG 4, AVC-I, AVCHD, ProRes, DNxHD, DNxHR, JPEG2000
  • Lossless Codecs: DVCPRO HD, JPEG2000, VP9, AV1. (some code can be both, lossy and lossless)
  • Audio Codecs : AAC, MP3, M4A, FLAC ,AIFF
  • Wrapping formats: .MXF, .OMF, .MP4, .MOV, .JPEG, .FLV/SWF, .AAF, .MPG, .M2T, .WMV, .DPX, and others listed in the provided text
  • Codecs for Delivery : AVC-I, H265, H264, JPEG 2000, DNxHD/DNxHR, ProRes, MPEG, MP4, etc

Still Image Formats

  • Lossy: JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
  • Lossless: TIFF, PNG, RAW, BMP, ZIP, GIF, PSD, EPS

RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)

  • RAID 0: Fast, but data is lost if one disk fails.
  • RAID 1: Data is copied, storage capacity is reduced.
  • RAID 3: (Not fully replicated) Data striped and parity data spread across disks.
  • RAID 5: Data striping with parity, one disk failure is tolerable.
  • RAID 6: Data striping with two parity blocks, handles multiple disk failures.
  • RAID 10: Mirror pairs are striped
  • Disks : Varies by type.

Network Types

  • PAN: Personal Area Network (small network, transfers files)
  • LAN: Local Area Network (devices in same building)
  • WLAN: Wireless Local Network (wireless LAN)
  • CAN: Campus Area Network (joins multiple LANs)
  • MAN: Metropolitan Area Network (spans large geographic areas)
  • SAN: Storage Area Network (high-speed network for data storage)
  • WAN: Wide Area Network (largest network type, spans vast areas)

Timecode and Archive Footage

  • Black/White Levels: 10-bit broadcast=64, 20-bit broadcast=1024, White Level=255
  • Timecode: How much of a HD programme can be in SD (25%) and how much archive footage on a HD programme (10%).

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