Lecture Exam Practice Test 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly lists the levels of organization from least complex to most complex?

  • organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical
  • chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism (correct)
  • cellular, tissue, chemical, system, organ, organism
  • tissue, cellular, chemical, organ, system, organism

    • The layer of skin from which new epidermal cells are derived is the:

  • stratum corneum
  • stratum basale (correct)
  • dermis
  • stratum lucidum

    • Which layer is most superficial in the skin?

  • stratum basale
  • stratum granulosum
  • papillary region of the dermis
  • stratum corneum (correct)

    • What causes 'goosebumps' to occur?

    <p>the action of arrector pili muscles raising hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for sweat production?

    <p>sudoriferous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is present in thick skin but not in thin skin?

    <p>stratum lucidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?

    <p>to protect skin from ultraviolet light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hair and nails are modifications of which structure?

    <p>epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for support and mineral storage in the body?

    <p>Skeletal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anterior cruciate ligament in the knee joint?

    <p>To stabilize the knee joint during movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint type is characterized by bones sliding over one another?

    <p>Planar joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?

    <p>Cardiovascular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function is associated with the muscular system?

    <p>Producing movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer?

    <p>Fat storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do sebaceous glands primarily secrete their products?

    <p>Necks of hair follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecule contains peptide bonds?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP in the cell?

    <p>Store energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which form are carbohydrates primarily stored in the body?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying amino acids during protein synthesis?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes one element's atom from another?

    <p>The number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What correctly describes a saturated fatty acid?

    <p>Contains only single covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an accurate description of interstitial fluid?

    <p>Fluid between the cells in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the phases of the cell cycle in the correct order?

    <p>G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which base pairing is accurate within DNA molecules?

    <p>Adenine pairs with thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an anatomical position characteristic?

    <p>Feet flat on the floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The end result of mitosis produces what type of cells?

    <p>Two diploid cells identical to the parent cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is medial and inferior to the left lumbar region in the abdominopelvic cavity?

    <p>Hypogastric region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle tissue is both involuntary and non-striated?

    <p>Smooth muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of keratin in stratified squamous epithelium?

    <p>To provide waterproofing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of transitional epithelium?

    <p>Ability to stretch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue mainly provides energy storage?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure allows nutrient exchange between osteocytes and blood vessels?

    <p>Canaliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following layers provides protection against abrasion?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is found in the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the gallbladder primarily do?

    <p>Stores and concentrates bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium is primarily located in the small intestine for nutrient absorption?

    <p>Simple columnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the digestive system does the greatest amount of nutrient absorption occur?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component that makes up the lining of the heart and blood vessels?

    <p>Endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for maintaining the shape of the stomach?

    <p>Muscularis layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell junction is responsible for preventing leaks between cells?

    <p>Tight junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fluid fills the space between the parietal and visceral layers of membranes?

    <p>Serous fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the articular cartilage in a long bone?

    <p>To allow for movement and reduce friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is a part of the axial skeleton?

    <p>Sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the endosteum in long bones?

    <p>To line the internal cavities of the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is classified as a sesamoid bone?

    <p>Patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily contributes to the tensile strength of bone?

    <p>Collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is classified as an amphiarthrosis?

    <p>Slightly movable joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones are formed by the largest portion of the cranial cavity?

    <p>Parietals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of bursa in the musculoskeletal system?

    <p>To provide lubrication between tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The olecranon process is part of which bone?

    <p>Ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lateral malleolus is a feature of which bone?

    <p>Fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of bone is primarily responsible for mineral storage?

    <p>Mineral salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement increases the angle between articulating bones?

    <p>Extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ligaments in the skeletal system?

    <p>To connect bones to other bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer under the epidermis is responsible for providing structural support and containing blood vessels?

    <p>Reticular layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are primarily responsible for the production of the pigment melanin?

    <p>Melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skin structure is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature through the secretion of sweat?

    <p>Sudoriferous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of skin would you find the stratum lucidum layer?

    <p>Thick skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is classified as a planar joint?

    <p>Intercarpal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of hair is responsible for its growth?

    <p>Hair follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the anterior cruciate ligament extend to?

    <p>Intercondylar eminence of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body?

    <p>Circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skin helps anchor the epidermis to the underlying dermis?

    <p>Basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of the integumentary system?

    <p>Regulates body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of arrector pili muscles in the skin?

    <p>Raise hairs for warmth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During keratinization, what happens to keratinocytes as they move from the deeper layers of the epidermis to the surface?

    <p>They decrease in size and shed their nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the function of the nervous system?

    <p>Detects and responds to changes in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is specifically designed to line the heart and blood vessels?

    <p>Endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure increases the surface area for absorption in simple columnar epithelium?

    <p>Microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium is found in the urinary bladder, allowing it to stretch?

    <p>Transitional epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of keratin in stratified squamous epithelium?

    <p>Waterproofing and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the gallbladder?

    <p>Storage and concentration of bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the structure of smooth muscle tissue?

    <p>It is non-striated and involuntary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does most nutrient absorption occur in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue primarily provides insulation and energy storage?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue forms a network around organs and underlies epithelial cells?

    <p>Areolar connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the digestive system is the first to receive food after swallowing?

    <p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium primarily lines the respiratory tract?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects muscles to bones?

    <p>Tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the skin is responsible for structural integrity and flexibility?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer in the skin?

    <p>Stores energy and insulates the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the detailed structural relationship of the heart within the thoracic cavity?

    <p>It is superior to the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid is characterized by having one or more double bonds?

    <p>Unsaturated fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sebaceous glands primarily transport their secretions?

    <p>Into hair follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue type forms the major structure of glands?

    <p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of anatomical terms describe the position of the urinary bladder relative to the stomach?

    <p>Inferior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of the phases in the cell cycle?

    <p>G1, S, G2, M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond connects amino acids in proteins?

    <p>Peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes the function of ATP in a cell?

    <p>Stores energy for cellular activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the dermis is mainly responsible for providing strength and elasticity to the skin?

    <p>Reticular region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the translation process in protein synthesis?

    <p>Amino acids are assembled into polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a saturated fatty acid?

    <p>Solid at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a long bone is responsible for reducing friction and absorbing shock?

    <p>Articular cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the endosteum in long bones?

    <p>Lining of the medullary cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is classified as a sesamoid bone?

    <p>Patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones form the majority of the cranial cavity's roof and sides?

    <p>Parietals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the pituitary gland located within the skull?

    <p>Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure provides tensile strength to bone?

    <p>Collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coronoid and olecranon fossae are located on which bone?

    <p>Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proximal end of the femur connects with which structure?

    <p>Acetabulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'extension' refer to in joint movement?

    <p>Increasing the angle between articulating bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is synovial fluid produced in joints?

    <p>By the synovial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an amphiarthrosis?

    <p>Slightly movable joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is accurate regarding ligaments?

    <p>Connect bone to another bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the iliac crest?

    <p>Provide attachment for muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the obturator foramen's primary function?

    <p>Allow passage for blood vessels and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Levels of Organization

    • Organization in biology progresses from simplest to most complex: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism.

    Skin Structure

    • New epidermal cells arise from the stratum basale.
    • The most superficial skin layer is the stratum corneum.
    • Goosebumps are caused by the contraction of arrector pili muscles.
    • Sweat production occurs in sudoriferous glands.
    • Thick skin contains a unique layer called stratum lucidum, absent in thin skin.
    • Melanin protects skin from ultraviolet light.
    • Hair and nails are modifications of the epidermis.
    • Beneath the stratum basale is the papillary region of the dermis.
    • Fat storage is a function of the subcutaneous layer.
    • Sebaceous glands typically secrete into necks of hair follicles.

    Atomic Structure

    • Electrons carry a negative charge; protons are positive, and neutrons are neutral.
    • Peptide bonds are characteristic of proteins.
    • ATP serves as an energy storage molecule.
    • Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

    Macromolecules

    • Enzymes and antibodies are examples of proteins, essential for various biological functions.
    • The identity of an element is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus.
    • In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine.

    Fat Structure

    • A fat molecule consists of glycerol and three fatty acids.
    • Saturated fatty acids contain only single covalent bonds.

    Body Planes and Positions

    • A transverse plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
    • The urinary bladder is inferior to the stomach.

    Abdominopelvic Cavity

    • The hypogastric region lies inferior and medial to the left lumbar region.
    • Ipsilateral body parts include the right arm and right leg.
    • The mediastinum contains the heart.

    Anatomical Position

    • In the anatomical position, a person stands erect with arms at their sides and palms facing outward.

    Protein Synthesis

    • tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein formation.
    • Mitosis results in two diploid cells identical to the parent.
    • The correct sequence of the cell cycle phases is G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, mitosis, cytokinesis.

    Tissue Types

    • Epithelial tissue forms glands and lines surfaces, including the skin and organs.
    • Tight junctions prevent leakages in tissues such as the stomach.
    • Stratified squamous epithelium offers protection from abrasion.

    Digestive System

    • The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, aiding fat emulsification.
    • Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine.
    • The large intestine primarily absorbs water.
    • The appendix is connected to the cecum.

    Bone Structure

    • Epiphyseal plates exist in the metaphysis of long bones.
    • Lamellae are layers within an osteon that make up bone structure.
    • The articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at joint surfaces.

    Joint Movements

    • Extension increases the angle between articulating bones.
    • Amphiarthrosis refers to slightly movable joints.
    • A bursa is a sac of synovial fluid that cushions joints.
    • Ligaments are made of dense connective tissue, connecting bones together.

    Miscellaneous

    • The tibia is commonly known as the "shinbone."
    • The patella, or kneecap, is identified as a sesamoid bone.
    • Nutrient exchange between osteocytes and blood vessels occurs via canaliculi.### Joint Classification
    • Planar Joint: Example includes the intercarpal joint which allows limited movement in a sliding or gliding manner.
    • Other Joint Types: The coxal joint (hip) and intervertebral joint are not classified as planar joints.

    Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

    • The ACL connects the lateral condyle of the femur to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia, critical for knee stability.

    Body Systems and Functions

    • Integumentary System: Protects against external stresses; regulates body temperature.
    • Skeletal System: Provides structural support, protection for organs, and stores minerals and lipids.
    • Muscular System: Facilitates movement, generates heat, and stabilizes body position.
    • Nervous System: Detects and interprets environmental changes; regulates homeostasis.
    • Cardiovascular System: Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.
    • Endocrine System: Manages body activities by secreting hormones.
    • Lymphatic System: Returns fluids and proteins to blood; transports dietary fats from the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Respiratory System: Facilitates exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; helps maintain acid-base balance.
    • Digestive System: Processes food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.
    • Urinary System: Regulates blood volume and composition; assists in waste elimination and red blood cell production.

    Levels of Organization

    • Organization in biology progresses from simplest to most complex: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism.

    Skin Structure

    • New epidermal cells arise from the stratum basale.
    • The most superficial skin layer is the stratum corneum.
    • Goosebumps are caused by the contraction of arrector pili muscles.
    • Sweat production occurs in sudoriferous glands.
    • Thick skin contains a unique layer called stratum lucidum, absent in thin skin.
    • Melanin protects skin from ultraviolet light.
    • Hair and nails are modifications of the epidermis.
    • Beneath the stratum basale is the papillary region of the dermis.
    • Fat storage is a function of the subcutaneous layer.
    • Sebaceous glands typically secrete into necks of hair follicles.

    Atomic Structure

    • Electrons carry a negative charge; protons are positive, and neutrons are neutral.
    • Peptide bonds are characteristic of proteins.
    • ATP serves as an energy storage molecule.
    • Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

    Macromolecules

    • Enzymes and antibodies are examples of proteins, essential for various biological functions.
    • The identity of an element is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus.
    • In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine.

    Fat Structure

    • A fat molecule consists of glycerol and three fatty acids.
    • Saturated fatty acids contain only single covalent bonds.

    Body Planes and Positions

    • A transverse plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
    • The urinary bladder is inferior to the stomach.

    Abdominopelvic Cavity

    • The hypogastric region lies inferior and medial to the left lumbar region.
    • Ipsilateral body parts include the right arm and right leg.
    • The mediastinum contains the heart.

    Anatomical Position

    • In the anatomical position, a person stands erect with arms at their sides and palms facing outward.

    Protein Synthesis

    • tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein formation.
    • Mitosis results in two diploid cells identical to the parent.
    • The correct sequence of the cell cycle phases is G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, mitosis, cytokinesis.

    Tissue Types

    • Epithelial tissue forms glands and lines surfaces, including the skin and organs.
    • Tight junctions prevent leakages in tissues such as the stomach.
    • Stratified squamous epithelium offers protection from abrasion.

    Digestive System

    • The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, aiding fat emulsification.
    • Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine.
    • The large intestine primarily absorbs water.
    • The appendix is connected to the cecum.

    Bone Structure

    • Epiphyseal plates exist in the metaphysis of long bones.
    • Lamellae are layers within an osteon that make up bone structure.
    • The articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at joint surfaces.

    Joint Movements

    • Extension increases the angle between articulating bones.
    • Amphiarthrosis refers to slightly movable joints.
    • A bursa is a sac of synovial fluid that cushions joints.
    • Ligaments are made of dense connective tissue, connecting bones together.

    Miscellaneous

    • The tibia is commonly known as the "shinbone."
    • The patella, or kneecap, is identified as a sesamoid bone.
    • Nutrient exchange between osteocytes and blood vessels occurs via canaliculi.### Joint Classification
    • Planar Joint: Example includes the intercarpal joint which allows limited movement in a sliding or gliding manner.
    • Other Joint Types: The coxal joint (hip) and intervertebral joint are not classified as planar joints.

    Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

    • The ACL connects the lateral condyle of the femur to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia, critical for knee stability.

    Body Systems and Functions

    • Integumentary System: Protects against external stresses; regulates body temperature.
    • Skeletal System: Provides structural support, protection for organs, and stores minerals and lipids.
    • Muscular System: Facilitates movement, generates heat, and stabilizes body position.
    • Nervous System: Detects and interprets environmental changes; regulates homeostasis.
    • Cardiovascular System: Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.
    • Endocrine System: Manages body activities by secreting hormones.
    • Lymphatic System: Returns fluids and proteins to blood; transports dietary fats from the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Respiratory System: Facilitates exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; helps maintain acid-base balance.
    • Digestive System: Processes food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.
    • Urinary System: Regulates blood volume and composition; assists in waste elimination and red blood cell production.

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