Lecture Exam Practice Test 1

Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly lists the levels of organization from least complex to most complex?

organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism (correct)

cellular, tissue, chemical, system, organ, organism

tissue, cellular, chemical, organ, system, organism

The layer of skin from which new epidermal cells are derived is the:

stratum corneum

stratum basale (correct)

dermis

stratum lucidum

Which layer is most superficial in the skin?

stratum basale

stratum granulosum

papillary region of the dermis

stratum corneum (correct)

What causes 'goosebumps' to occur?

the action of arrector pili muscles raising hairs Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for sweat production?

sudoriferous glands Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is present in thick skin but not in thin skin?

stratum lucidum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?

to protect skin from ultraviolet light Signup and view all the answers

Hair and nails are modifications of which structure?

epidermis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for support and mineral storage in the body?

Skeletal system Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the anterior cruciate ligament in the knee joint?

To stabilize the knee joint during movement Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type is characterized by bones sliding over one another?

Planar joint Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?

Cardiovascular system Signup and view all the answers

What primary function is associated with the muscular system?

Producing movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer?

Fat storage Signup and view all the answers

Where do sebaceous glands primarily secrete their products?

Necks of hair follicles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of molecule contains peptide bonds?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in the cell?

Store energy Signup and view all the answers

In which form are carbohydrates primarily stored in the body?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying amino acids during protein synthesis?

tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes one element's atom from another?

The number of protons Signup and view all the answers

What correctly describes a saturated fatty acid?

Contains only single covalent bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is an accurate description of interstitial fluid?

Fluid between the cells in tissues Signup and view all the answers

What are the phases of the cell cycle in the correct order?

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, mitosis Signup and view all the answers

Which base pairing is accurate within DNA molecules?

Adenine pairs with thymine Signup and view all the answers

What is an anatomical position characteristic?

Feet flat on the floor Signup and view all the answers

The end result of mitosis produces what type of cells?

Two diploid cells identical to the parent cell Signup and view all the answers

Which region is medial and inferior to the left lumbar region in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Hypogastric region Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is both involuntary and non-striated?

Smooth muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of keratin in stratified squamous epithelium?

To provide waterproofing Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of transitional epithelium?

Ability to stretch Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue mainly provides energy storage?

Adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What structure allows nutrient exchange between osteocytes and blood vessels?

Canaliculi Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following layers provides protection against abrasion?

Stratified squamous epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which component is found in the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What does the gallbladder primarily do?

Stores and concentrates bile Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium is primarily located in the small intestine for nutrient absorption?

Simple columnar Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the digestive system does the greatest amount of nutrient absorption occur?

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component that makes up the lining of the heart and blood vessels?

Endothelium Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for maintaining the shape of the stomach?

Muscularis layer Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell junction is responsible for preventing leaks between cells?

Tight junctions Signup and view all the answers

What fluid fills the space between the parietal and visceral layers of membranes?

Serous fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the articular cartilage in a long bone?

To allow for movement and reduce friction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is a part of the axial skeleton?

Sternum Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endosteum in long bones?

To line the internal cavities of the bone Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is classified as a sesamoid bone?

Patella Signup and view all the answers

Which structure primarily contributes to the tensile strength of bone?

Collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is classified as an amphiarthrosis?

Slightly movable joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones are formed by the largest portion of the cranial cavity?

Parietals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of bursa in the musculoskeletal system?

To provide lubrication between tissues Signup and view all the answers

The olecranon process is part of which bone?

Ulna Signup and view all the answers

The lateral malleolus is a feature of which bone?

Fibula Signup and view all the answers

Which component of bone is primarily responsible for mineral storage?

Mineral salts Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement increases the angle between articulating bones?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ligaments in the skeletal system?

To connect bones to other bones Signup and view all the answers

Which layer under the epidermis is responsible for providing structural support and containing blood vessels?

Reticular layer Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are primarily responsible for the production of the pigment melanin?

Melanocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which skin structure is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature through the secretion of sweat?

Sudoriferous glands Signup and view all the answers

In which type of skin would you find the stratum lucidum layer?

Thick skin Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is classified as a planar joint?

Intercarpal joint Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of hair is responsible for its growth?

Hair follicle Signup and view all the answers

Where does the anterior cruciate ligament extend to?

Intercondylar eminence of the tibia Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body?

Circulatory system Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the skin helps anchor the epidermis to the underlying dermis?

Basement membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of the integumentary system?

Regulates body temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of arrector pili muscles in the skin?

Raise hairs for warmth Signup and view all the answers

During keratinization, what happens to keratinocytes as they move from the deeper layers of the epidermis to the surface?

They decrease in size and shed their nuclei Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the nervous system?

Detects and responds to changes in the environment Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is specifically designed to line the heart and blood vessels?

Endothelium Signup and view all the answers

What structure increases the surface area for absorption in simple columnar epithelium?

Microvilli Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium is found in the urinary bladder, allowing it to stretch?

Transitional epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of keratin in stratified squamous epithelium?

Waterproofing and protection Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the gallbladder?

Storage and concentration of bile Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the structure of smooth muscle tissue?

It is non-striated and involuntary. Signup and view all the answers

Where does most nutrient absorption occur in the gastrointestinal tract?

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue primarily provides insulation and energy storage?

Adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue forms a network around organs and underlies epithelial cells?

Areolar connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the digestive system is the first to receive food after swallowing?

Esophagus Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium primarily lines the respiratory tract?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects muscles to bones?

Tendons Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is responsible for structural integrity and flexibility?

Dermis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer in the skin?

Stores energy and insulates the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the detailed structural relationship of the heart within the thoracic cavity?

It is superior to the diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fatty acid is characterized by having one or more double bonds?

Unsaturated fatty acid Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

S phase Signup and view all the answers

How do sebaceous glands primarily transport their secretions?

Into hair follicles Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type forms the major structure of glands?

Epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of anatomical terms describe the position of the urinary bladder relative to the stomach?

Inferior Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of the phases in the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, M Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond connects amino acids in proteins?

Peptide bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the function of ATP in a cell?

Stores energy for cellular activities Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the dermis is mainly responsible for providing strength and elasticity to the skin?

Reticular region Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the translation process in protein synthesis?

Amino acids are assembled into polypeptides Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a saturated fatty acid?

Solid at room temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a long bone is responsible for reducing friction and absorbing shock?

Articular cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the endosteum in long bones?

Lining of the medullary cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is classified as a sesamoid bone?

Patella Signup and view all the answers

Which bones form the majority of the cranial cavity's roof and sides?

Parietals Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pituitary gland located within the skull?

Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone Signup and view all the answers

What structure provides tensile strength to bone?

Collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

The coronoid and olecranon fossae are located on which bone?

Humerus Signup and view all the answers

The proximal end of the femur connects with which structure?

Acetabulum Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'extension' refer to in joint movement?

Increasing the angle between articulating bones Signup and view all the answers

How is synovial fluid produced in joints?

By the synovial membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an amphiarthrosis?

Slightly movable joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding ligaments?

Connect bone to another bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the iliac crest?

Provide attachment for muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the obturator foramen's primary function?

Allow passage for blood vessels and nerves Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Levels of Organization

Organization in biology progresses from simplest to most complex: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism.

Skin Structure

New epidermal cells arise from the stratum basale.
The most superficial skin layer is the stratum corneum.
Goosebumps are caused by the contraction of arrector pili muscles.
Sweat production occurs in sudoriferous glands.
Thick skin contains a unique layer called stratum lucidum, absent in thin skin.
Melanin protects skin from ultraviolet light.
Hair and nails are modifications of the epidermis.
Beneath the stratum basale is the papillary region of the dermis.
Fat storage is a function of the subcutaneous layer.
Sebaceous glands typically secrete into necks of hair follicles.

Atomic Structure

Electrons carry a negative charge; protons are positive, and neutrons are neutral.
Peptide bonds are characteristic of proteins.
ATP serves as an energy storage molecule.
Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

Macromolecules

Enzymes and antibodies are examples of proteins, essential for various biological functions.
The identity of an element is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus.
In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine.

Fat Structure

A fat molecule consists of glycerol and three fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids contain only single covalent bonds.

Body Planes and Positions

A transverse plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
The urinary bladder is inferior to the stomach.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

The hypogastric region lies inferior and medial to the left lumbar region.
Ipsilateral body parts include the right arm and right leg.
The mediastinum contains the heart.

Anatomical Position

In the anatomical position, a person stands erect with arms at their sides and palms facing outward.

Protein Synthesis

tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein formation.
Mitosis results in two diploid cells identical to the parent.
The correct sequence of the cell cycle phases is G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, mitosis, cytokinesis.

Tissue Types

Epithelial tissue forms glands and lines surfaces, including the skin and organs.
Tight junctions prevent leakages in tissues such as the stomach.
Stratified squamous epithelium offers protection from abrasion.

Digestive System

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, aiding fat emulsification.
Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine.
The large intestine primarily absorbs water.
The appendix is connected to the cecum.

Bone Structure

Epiphyseal plates exist in the metaphysis of long bones.
Lamellae are layers within an osteon that make up bone structure.
The articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at joint surfaces.

Joint Movements

Extension increases the angle between articulating bones.
Amphiarthrosis refers to slightly movable joints.
A bursa is a sac of synovial fluid that cushions joints.
Ligaments are made of dense connective tissue, connecting bones together.

Miscellaneous

The tibia is commonly known as the "shinbone."
The patella, or kneecap, is identified as a sesamoid bone.
Nutrient exchange between osteocytes and blood vessels occurs via canaliculi.### Joint Classification
Planar Joint: Example includes the intercarpal joint which allows limited movement in a sliding or gliding manner.
Other Joint Types: The coxal joint (hip) and intervertebral joint are not classified as planar joints.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

The ACL connects the lateral condyle of the femur to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia, critical for knee stability.

Body Systems and Functions

Integumentary System: Protects against external stresses; regulates body temperature.
Skeletal System: Provides structural support, protection for organs, and stores minerals and lipids.
Muscular System: Facilitates movement, generates heat, and stabilizes body position.
Nervous System: Detects and interprets environmental changes; regulates homeostasis.
Cardiovascular System: Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.
Endocrine System: Manages body activities by secreting hormones.
Lymphatic System: Returns fluids and proteins to blood; transports dietary fats from the gastrointestinal tract.
Respiratory System: Facilitates exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; helps maintain acid-base balance.
Digestive System: Processes food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.
Urinary System: Regulates blood volume and composition; assists in waste elimination and red blood cell production.