FSC271 FINAL EXAM PRACTICE

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main goal of forensic science in relation to evidence?

To follow strict rules and policies

To ensure no evidence is left untested

To maximize the value of evidence (correct)

To collect evidence in a haphazard manner

Which ethical framework emphasizes duty and rules in decision-making?

Contemporary Ethics

Virtue Ethics

Utilitarianism

Deontology (correct)

What is a significant limitation mentioned in forensic science regarding evidence collection?

Evidence can always be retested later

Eating evidence can invalidate its value

There is only one opportunity to collect evidence at a crime scene (correct)

All evidence is guaranteed to be probative

How should decisions in forensic science ideally be made?

Through ethical reflection rather than mere rule-following Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes utilitarianism in the context of forensic evidence testing?

Maximizing overall utility by selectively analyzing evidence Signup and view all the answers

What factors may lead police to evaluate evidence and determine the required forensic analyses?

The expertise available to assess the case Signup and view all the answers

Which case type is usually prioritized over others in evidence testing?

Homicide Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason that evidence may not be submitted for forensic analysis?

Excessive backlog due to lack of resources Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of a case may affect the prioritization of evidence testing?

The history of the case and known vs unknown assailants Signup and view all the answers

In the context of case sampling, which type of case is typically expedited?

Prioritized violent cases Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consideration in deciding which samples to collect at a crime scene?

Prioritization of vital samples that may aid in the investigation Signup and view all the answers

What type of evidence may be prioritized due to the risk of witness memory loss?

Statements from known witnesses Signup and view all the answers

What might complicate the decision on how many samples to send to a laboratory?

The complexity of the case and available resources Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations would not typically warrant prioritizing a forensic case?

The evidence was submitted without any director approval Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial factor in ensuring the integrity of forensic analysis?

The experience and training of the scientists performing the analysis Signup and view all the answers

What role do forensic scientists have in educating potential evidence submitters?

Advise on evidence collection and preservation techniques Signup and view all the answers

How do ethics in forensics relate to ethics in medicine?

They share parallels as applied sciences that consider individual case circumstances Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of having scientifically based testing in forensic cases?

It helps in determining what tests are available for a specific case Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of forensic analysts when prioritizing cases?

To maximize forensic significance in each case while efficiently using resources Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason why an item may not be initially accepted for DNA testing?

The item's relevance in addressing the allegations is questionable Signup and view all the answers

How can evidence degradation affect forensic examinations?

It may lead to a reduced success rate for obtaining reliable results Signup and view all the answers

What reflects a common issue that forensic analysts may face with case processing?

Concerns over backlog due to increased demand for processing requests Signup and view all the answers

What implication does the prioritization of tests have in forensic investigations?

Redundant tests consume resources that could otherwise benefit more critical cases Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred on February 1, 1993, concerning Bernardo's test results?

The test results were released to the Toronto Police. Signup and view all the answers

How long was the delay in providing serology results to the police?

25.5 months Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the consequences of delaying DNA testing for Bernardo's case?

Bernardo's continued criminal activities. Signup and view all the answers

What was noted as a contributing factor to the delay in the investigation of Bernardo's case?

A lack of urgency because Bernardo had not been active. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a notable issue mentioned regarding the handling of the case?

No system to identify the risk posed by serial offenders. Signup and view all the answers

What impact can delays in DNA testing have, as highlighted in the content?

Endanger public safety. Signup and view all the answers

What was suggested as a necessary balance regarding public funds in the content?

Maintaining appropriate turnaround times. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the potential legal implications mentioned?

Government liability for lack of protection. Signup and view all the answers

How many other suspect samples were suitable for DNA analysis during the delay period?

Five Signup and view all the answers

What does the information highlight as a public interest aspect related to the case?

Apprehension of a serial sexual predator. Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason for the backlog of untested rape kits?

Evidence was never submitted for testing Signup and view all the answers

What is a financial concern related to rape kits?

Costs ranging from $500 to $1500 per kit Signup and view all the answers

What potential effect can re-opening old cases have on victims?

Re-traumatization and exacerbation of PTSD Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT a reason for the destruction of rape kits?

High testing accuracies Signup and view all the answers

How have testing rape kits contributed to wrongful convictions?

They have led to at least 195 exonerations since 1992 Signup and view all the answers

What ethical dilemma arises from the backlog of rape kits?

Victim blaming vs. protecting victims' rights Signup and view all the answers

What message is conveyed when sexual assault kits are not analyzed?

Lack of trust in law enforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of destroying rape kits?

Increased victim awareness Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consideration for prioritizing the testing of rape kits?

How testing fits into an investigation or society Signup and view all the answers

What is a commonly perceived issue with the label of 'uncooperative complainant'?

It has a very low threshold for designation Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary differences between a hospital autopsy and a coroner's autopsy?

Coroner's autopsies are intended for unexpected deaths. Signup and view all the answers

Which role is primarily responsible for seizing important items during death investigations?

Coroner Signup and view all the answers

What is an ethical concern associated with autopsies?

Interference with the deceased’s body may affect their afterlife. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of coroners?

Conducting medicolegal autopsies Signup and view all the answers

What training is necessary for pathologists to become coroners in Canada?

Proper medical training is needed Signup and view all the answers

How does family concern influence autopsies conducted by coroners?

It is considered but does not influence the ultimate decision. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the oversight council is true?

It was established to enhance death investigation services. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes medicolegal autopsies?

They require additional training beyond general pathology. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of conducting an autopsy?

It provides information on how to prevent future deaths of similar nature. Signup and view all the answers

How does grief affect families during death investigations?

It can hinder cognitive processing and decision making. Signup and view all the answers

What role can grief counsellors play in death investigations?

They serve as a liaison between families and investigators. Signup and view all the answers

Why might families have objections to autopsies?

Their objections may stem from long-standing cultural beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary ethical consideration for death investigators when working with grieving families?

Maintaining professional distance to avoid emotional involvement. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Indigenous Canadians, what is a significant concern regarding burial practices?

Investigating unmarked graves associated with residential schools. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of not conducting an autopsy?

Lack of closure for the family of the deceased. Signup and view all the answers

What responsibilities does the Independent Special Interlocutor have regarding unmarked graves?

To recommend measures for culturally appropriate treatment of unmarked graves. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the anomalies found during the Pine Creek excavation?

They indicated potential burial sites but required further investigation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main lesson learned from the Pine Creek excavation regarding evidence collection?

Physical excavation is essential to confirm the findings of ground penetrating radar. Signup and view all the answers

What challenges did investigators face during the Pikangikum fire investigation?

The remote location and lack of communication facilities. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it considered important for Indigenous communities to heal in relation to the findings from excavations?

Healing takes priority over the need for factual evidence. Signup and view all the answers

How did the response to the Pikangikum fire incorporate various professionals?

An interdisciplinary team, including an anthropologist, was mobilized. Signup and view all the answers

What was the age range of the victims in the Pikangikum house fire?

From 5 months to 51 years old. Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary goal of the investigators following the Pikangikum fire incident?

To return the bodies and ensure proper burials. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best summarizes the role of the Special Interlocutor mentioned?

Function independently and impartially to achieve specific objectives. Signup and view all the answers

What is required to rule out criminal activity in Jesse's case?

Fixing brain and tissues in formalin for two weeks Signup and view all the answers

What ethical argument did Dr. Caplan present regarding organ retention?

There is a duty to rule out crime but not to keep organs. Signup and view all the answers

Which legal right protects a family's control over the final disposition of a deceased person?

Right of sepulcher Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Shipley family's lawsuit regarding organ retention?

Their settlement was eventually reduced to $600,000. Signup and view all the answers

What concern does allowing medical examiners to take the brain raise for families?

It can increase the trauma of an already upset family. Signup and view all the answers

Which ruling was the basis for the court overturning the Shipley family's settlement?

Common-law right of sepulcher Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the right of sepulcher does not include organ retention?

Deprivation of organs or tissue samples Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of retaining organs for investigation?

It may lead to family disputes and emotional distress. Signup and view all the answers

What is one key practice of organ retention in Ontario?

To inform families and give them peace and control Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition can a coroner's office retain an organ?

If there is a legitimate reason for further examination Signup and view all the answers

Who must authorize the decision to retain an organ after an autopsy?

The Chief Forensic Pathologist or Chief Coroner Signup and view all the answers

What increases the likelihood of misidentification of deceased individuals?

High trauma situations with multiple disfigured victims Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential when informing a family about retained organs?

The time period for organ and tissue retention must be stated Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of delaying a funeral in the context of organ retention?

To allow organs and tissues to be returned before burial or cremation Signup and view all the answers

What might complicate the identification of deceased individuals for grieving families?

Disfigurement of bodies in high trauma situations Signup and view all the answers

What must families be informed about regarding organ retention?

The reasons for retention must be explained as soon as possible Signup and view all the answers

What was one method used for identifying bodies in the Marchioness SS Disaster?

Dental records Signup and view all the answers

Which situation did not correctly identify the individuals involved in the Indiana tragedy?

Whitney Cerak was later confirmed dead. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge faced by investigators in the Marchioness SS Disaster regarding body retrieval?

Bodies were trapped in the water. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Xavier LaBelle and Parker Tobin is accurate?

Xavier LaBelle survived despite being declared dead. Signup and view all the answers

Which option reflects an unethical practice in death investigations?

Relying solely on visual identification. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant issue for the families of those involved in the Indiana tragedy?

Prolonged misidentification of victims. Signup and view all the answers

What procedure was suggested for bodies which were likely to float due to putrefaction and bloating?

Remove the hands for fingerprinting. Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about the role of coroner's offices in tragic incidents?

They utilize various methods to confirm identities. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 7 - Evidence Testing: Ethical Considerations

Crime scene labs face ethical considerations regarding sample collection, prioritization, and testing.
Decisions must balance important items with a comprehensive approach.
Sending all samples for testing may not always be the most efficient or ethical course of action.
Prioritizing certain cases and evidence is crucial due to limited resources.

Case Sampling

Case prioritization & resource allocation is key.
Police assess the case, using expert knowledge to determine the necessary forensic tests to support the evidence.
Factors like knowledge gaps or insufficient resources might lead to evidence not being submitted.
Excessive case backlogs create delays or unavailable resources.
Medical tests might need coordinating with forensic protocols.
Decisions account for the potential imbalance in importance.

Case Type and History

Case importance is weighed in decision-making.
Higher priority is often given to homicide or sexual assault cases.
Known offender cases generally hold priority.
Existing witness statements are a crucial variable for assessment.
The known/unknown offender status and level of violence influence prioritization.

Expedited Cases

Criminal cases with public safety implications are prioritized during investigation.
Cases where forensic evidence is subject to degradation also have a higher priority.
Cases receiving director approval are expedited.
High profile cases often receive expedited treatment.
Cases representing imminent threat to public safety are given priority.

Ethics in Forensics vs. Medicine

Forensic ethics are closely tied to medical ethical principles.
Factors such as case circumstances and available tests influence actions.
Both fields share similarities in ethical considerations regarding individual cases.

Training & Knowledge in Forensics

Training and expertise are vital in forensic labs for appropriate analysis.
Labs should provide training.
Scientists and labs need to educate those submitting evidence regarding collection and preservation techniques.

Ethical Guidance for Evidence Collection & Preservation

Forensic science protocols, although heavily focused on technical considerations, also require ethical guidelines.
Proactive ethical guidance in decision-making is emphasized.
Ethics must be prioritized in balancing practicality and maintaining high quality of service.
There's a need to balance the value of all evidence with efficient processing.

Normative Ethics in Forensics

Normative ethics offer frameworks for ethical decision-making in forensics.
Three common ethical frameworks exist: deontology (duties), utilitarianism (greatest good for the greatest number), and virtue ethics.
Resources in forensic sciences are limited, which has implications for analysis.
Forensic evidence collection must be optimized to meet the needs of the case.
These frameworks help guide decisions regarding resource allocation.

Case Priority & Analysis

In investigations, critical analysis and prioritization of forensic evidence are required.
Analysis decisions depend on the case type and evidence itself.
The analysis might change depending on evidence quality.

Example Criteria for DNA Testing

Some evidence may not be considered viable due to factors such as reduced success rates, degradation, and relevance to the case.
Priority criteria includes expected recovery rate for results and relevance to the allegations.

Case Examples (Scarborough Rapist)

Specific examples demonstrate the need for prioritization and rapid evidence processing to improve outcomes.
A case study highlighting delays in analysis and ethical considerations.
The example of the Scarborough Rapist highlights the consequences of case backlog and prioritization failures.
This example underscores the urgency and importance of addressing backlog problems.
Delays in this case, and the larger implications for public safety, are illustrated.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the ethical considerations in evidence testing as discussed in Lecture 7. This quiz delves into the intricacies of case prioritization, resource allocation, and the impact of backlog on forensic testing. Understand the nuances behind decision-making in crime scene labs.