Lecture 5 – Porifera & Placozoa

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Questions and Answers

Qual es le principale modo in le quale le sponges obtine alimento?

Cace organismos microscopic

Filtra particulas de alimento del aqua (correct)

Absorbe alimento directemente del aqua

Utilisa collagene pro attraher alimento

Qual es le function del porocytes in le structure del sponge?

Controlla le fluxo de aqua per le ostia (correct)

Digestione de alimento captate

Protege le sponge contra predatores

Produce flagella pro mover aqua

Qual es le taxa de clearance de Spongia officinalis var.adriatica?

500 ml h−1 g−1 DW

210 ml h−1 g−1 DW (correct)

50 ml h−1 g−1 DW

1000 ml h−1 g−1 DW

Como le sponges respira e excrete?

Per diffusion in le mesohyl Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le rol del amebocytes in le sponge?

Transporta alimento ad cellulas requirente Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un modo d'ape reproductor que sponges usa?

Fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

Quot sponges species es tipicamente monoecious?

Plurale Signup and view all the answers

Qual tipo de larvas es solid?

Parenchymella Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un benefici ecologic de sponges?

Filtrar aqua Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un uso commercial de sponges?

Harvestation de sponges de bagno Signup and view all the answers

Quo significa 'Porifera'?

Pore-bearers Signup and view all the answers

Qual caracteristica ha le sponges?

Asymmetrical o +/- radially symmetrical Signup and view all the answers

Qual classe de sponges ha spicules de carbonato de calcio?

Class Calcarea Signup and view all the answers

Quo distingue le choanocytes in le sponges?

Cellulas responsabile pro le filtration Signup and view all the answers

Qual classe de sponges ha siliceous spicules e es tipicamente marine?

Class Hexactinellida Signup and view all the answers

Quo es le design structural de Venus’ flower basket utilizate in?

Civil e mechanical engineering Signup and view all the answers

Quale spicules permite le passage de luce intra cavitates obscure pro symbiontes photosyntheticos?

Spicules de silice Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le characteristicas de sponges in termino de embryologia?

Absente de verdadero germ layers Signup and view all the answers

Qual classe de esponjas ha spicules siliceous non 6-rayed?

Class Demospongiae Signup and view all the answers

Qual es la structura de choanoderm de un esponja asconoid?

Un cell d'thick continu Signup and view all the answers

Quando considerante l'ogulin cave sponge, quale statement es ver?

Es le unic sponge subterranean de agua dolce in Croatia Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le forma tipic de un sponge leuconoid?

Subdividite in camere individual Signup and view all the answers

Qual de iste enunciatos es correcte in relation con le spicules de Demospongiae?

Iste potera esser replicate con una reticulate de collageno Signup and view all the answers

Qual sponge tipic es usual in diverse habitats aquos?

Demospongiae sponge Signup and view all the answers

Quant es le maximum de grandezza generalmente associate con le esponjas asconoid?

10 cm Signup and view all the answers

Quo es le function de spicules in Demospongiae?

Fournir un support structural Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Phylum Porifera: Sponges

Sponges are known as "pore-bearing" organisms.
Classified as parazoans; they lack true embryological germ layers.
Multicellular, with totipotent cells, but true tissues are absent.
They are sessile, functioning as suspension feeders with a specialized water canal system.

Characteristics of Sponges

Exhibit asymmetrical or +/- radial symmetry.
Unique cells called choanocytes create water currents for feeding.

Sponge Skeleton & Taxonomy

Skeleton comprises spicules:
- Calcium carbonate spicules belong to Class Calcarea.
- Hexactinellida features siliceous, 6-rayed spicules.
- Class Demospongiae has siliceous spicules that are not 6-rayed or may consist of collagen (spongin).

Class Calcarea

Characterized by calcium carbonate spicules, all marine.
Includes species such as Leucosolenia eleanor.

Class Hexactinellida

Identified by 6-rayed siliceous spicules, predominantly found in deep marine waters.
Commonly referred to as glass sponges.

Structural Design of Glass Sponges

Structural designs inspired civil and mechanical engineering breakthroughs.
Known for light transducing properties, allowing photosynthetic symbionts to thrive in dark environments.

Class Demospongiae

Comprises sponges with siliceous spicules, not 6-rayed.
Can have a collagenous network replacing spicules.
Habitat ranges include marine, brackish, and freshwater environments at varying depths.

Sponge Body Plans

Asconoid: Simple structure, choanoderm one cell thick, small in size.
Syconoid: Features folded choanoderm, typical of calcareous sponges.
Leuconoid: Divided choanoderm into distinct chambers, most common in demosponges.

Feeding Mechanism

Filter feeders; water enters through ostia, controlled by porocyte cells.
Water movement is partly passive; choanocytes actively help in water propulsion.
Sponges can filter high volumes of water, with some able to filter an entire sea volume in one day.

Nutrition

Food particles are captured by choanocytes and transferred to amebocytes for digestion.
Phagocytosis occurs on the surface of choanocytes.

Reproductive Strategies

Asexual reproduction via fragmentation, budding, or gemmules, which are survival pods for freshwater sponges.
Most sponges are monoecious, with sperm from choanocytes and eggs from archeocytes.
Mass spawning occurs during reproduction.

Sponge Larvae

Produce two types of larvae: parenchymella (solid) and amphiblastula (hollow), both are ciliated.

Ecological Success & Importance

Sponges are prevalent in unpolluted freshwater and abundant in marine environments.
They support various symbiotic relationships, provide camouflage, and contribute to bioerosion via specialized cells.

Economic Importance

Bath sponges are harvested commercially, notably in the Mediterranean and Tarpon Springs, Florida.

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Description

Este quiz explora os Phylum Porifera e Placozoa, discutindo as características dos esponjas e outros filo mesozoan. Aprenda sobre a estrutura, a alimentação e a classificação destes organismos unicelulares. Teste seu conhecimento sobre estas fascinantes criaturas aquáticas.