Learning Styles
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Questions and Answers

What type of learners prefer to learn through visual imagery such as films and pictures?

  • Auditory learners
  • Visual-iconic learners (correct)
  • Analytic thinkers
  • Global thinkers

    • What type of learners prefer to learn through verbal lectures and discussions?

  • Auditory learners (correct)
  • Global thinkers
  • Analytic thinkers
  • Visual-symbolic learners

    • What type of auditory learners tend to remember things said to them and make the information their own?

  • Listeners (correct)
  • Talkers
  • Analytic thinkers
  • Visual-iconic learners

    • What type of thinkers tend towards non-linear thought and tend to see the whole pattern rather than the particle elements?

    <p>Global thinkers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learners prefer to read a map better than to read a book?

    <p>Visual-iconic learners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of thinkers tend towards the linear, step by step process of learning?

    <p>Analytic thinkers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intelligence is concerned with connections to real world understanding and application of new learning?

    <p>Existential Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a handicap?

    <p>A disadvantage that occurs as a result of a disability or impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a learning disability?

    <p>Dyslexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of ADHD?

    <p>Recurrent hyperactive and impulsive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals with autism?

    <p>An intense need for routine and a predictable environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of mental retardation?

    <p>Significant sub-average intelligence and deficits in adaptive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of disability?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a speech and communication disorder?

    <p>Stuttering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition where there is a malfunction of the eyes or optic nerves that prevent normal vision even with corrective lenses?

    <p>Visual Impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of giftedness?

    <p>High abilities of intellectual activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the presence of two or more different types of disability, at times at a profound level?

    <p>Severe and Multiple Disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where the dog learns to salivate at other similar sounds after learning to salivate at the sound of the bell?

    <p>Stimulus Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the Russian physiologist who is well known for his work in classical conditioning?

    <p>Ivan Pavlov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where there is a malfunction of the ear or auditory nerves that hinders perception of sounds within the frequency range of normal speech?

    <p>Hearing Impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where the conditioned response is eliminated due to the absence of the unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the recovery of an extinguished conditioned response after an elapsed time?

    <p>Spontaneous Recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of schedules produce steadier and more persistent rates of response?

    <p>Variable ratio schedules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of neo-behaviorism?

    <p>Mental maps of perceived things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of behaviour according to purpositive behaviourism?

    <p>Goal-directed acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is latent learning?

    <p>Learning that remains until needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are intervening variables?

    <p>Variables that serve as determinants of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Tolman conclude about reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcement is not essential for learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first condition of Bandura's modeling?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gestalt theory emphasize?

    <p>The importance of sensory wholes and dynamic visual perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of attention in the process of learning?

    <p>To act as a gateway of learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between short-term memory and long-term memory?

    <p>Short-term memory has a shorter duration than long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of forgetting in the memory process?

    <p>Decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of organization in the memory process?

    <p>To make connections among various pieces of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rehearsal in the memory process?

    <p>To repeat information verbatim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using visual imagery in the memory process?

    <p>It makes information more memorable and engaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of personalization in the memory process?

    <p>To make the information relevant to the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of context in the memory process?

    <p>To remember the situation and recover information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Styles

    • Visual-Iconic learners prefer visual imagery, such as films, graphic displays, or pictures, to solidify learning.
    • Visual-Symbolic learners feel comfortable with abstract symbols, such as mathematical formulae or written words.
    • Auditory learners learn best through verbal lectures, discussions, and listening to others; they can be further divided into Listeners and Talkers.
      • Listeners remember things said to them and make the information their own.
      • Talkers prefer to discuss and talk, not necessarily to be disruptive.

    Global-Analytic Continuum

    • Analytic thinkers tend towards linear, step-by-step learning, and are comfortable in a world of details and hierarchies of information.
    • Global thinkers lean towards non-linear thought and tend to see the whole pattern rather than individual elements.

    Existential (Spirit Smart) Intelligence

    • This intelligence seeks connections to real-world understanding and application of new learning.

    Disability and Exceptionalities

    • Disability: a measurable impairment or limitation that interferes with a person's ability, such as physical, sensory, or mental conditions.
    • Handicap: a disadvantage that occurs as a result of a disability or impairment.
    • Categories of Exceptionalities:
      • Learning Disabilities: difficulties in specific cognitive processes, such as perception, language, memory, or metacognition.
      • ADHD: difficulty in focusing and maintaining attention, and recurrent hyperactive and impulsive behavior.
      • Speech and Communication Disorders: difficulties in spoken language, including voice disorders, stuttering, and difficulty in spoken language comprehension.
      • Social/Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties:
        • Autism: impaired social interaction and communication, repetitive behaviors, and limited interests.
        • Mental Retardation: significant sub-average intelligence and deficits in adaptive behavior.
        • Emotional/Conduct Disorder: emotional states like depression and aggression that disturb learning and performance in school.
      • Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments:
        • Physical and Health Impairments: physical or medical conditions, such as limited energy and strength, reduced mental alertness, and little muscle control.
        • Severe and Multiple Disabilities: presence of two or more different types of disabilities, requiring specific adaptations and specialized educational programs.
        • Sensory Impairments:
          • Visual Impairments: conditions that prevent normal vision, even with corrective lenses.
          • Hearing Impairments: conditions that hinder perception of sounds within the frequency range of normal speech.

    Giftedness

    • Significantly high level of cognitive development, high abilities in intellectual activity, aptitude in academic subjects, creativity, and visual or performing arts or leadership.

    Module 7: Classical Conditioning

    • Ivan Pavlov: a Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning.
    • Classical Conditioning: stimulus substitution.
    • 3 stages of classical conditioning:
      • Before conditioning: no salivation.
      • During conditioning: salivation occurs in response to the bell.
      • After conditioning: salivation occurs in response to the bell.
    • Stimulus Generalization: the dog salivates at other similar sounds.
    • Extinction: salivation ceases if the bell is not paired with food.
    • Spontaneous Recovery: extinguished responses can be recovered after an elapsed time.

    Other Theories

    • Neobehaviorism: people create mental maps to respond to tasks later.
    • Purposive Behaviorism: the unit of behavior is the total, goal-directed act, using varied muscular movements.
    • Latent Learning: learning that remains with the individual until needed.
    • The Concept of Intervening Variable: variables that are not readily seen but serve as determinants of behavior.
    • Reinforcement not essential for learning: Tolman concluded that reinforcement is not essential for learning, although it provides an incentive for performance.

    Bandura's 4 Conditions

    • Attention: the person must pay attention to the model.
    • Retention: the observer must remember the behavior.
    • Motor Reproduction: the ability to replicate the behavior.
    • Motivation: the learner must want to demonstrate what they have learned.

    Gestalt Theory

    • Emphasized the importance of sensory wholes and the dynamic nature of visual perception.
    • The term "gestalt" means "form" or "configuration".

    Information Processing Theory (IPT)

    • 3 primary stages:
      • Encoding: information is sensed, perceived, and attended to.
      • Storage: information is stored for a brief or extended period.
      • Retrieval: information is brought back at the appropriate time.
    • Sensory Register: capacity, duration, and the role of attention.
    • Short Term Memory (STM): limited capacity, brief duration, and info is lost if not rehearsed.
    • Long Term Memory (LTM): the final or permanent storing house for memory information.
    • Forgetting: the ability to retrieve or access information when needed.
    • Decay: information not attended to eventually "fades" away.
    • Interference: new or old information blocks access to information.
    • Rehearsal: repeating information to memorize.
    • Meaningful Learning: making connections between new information and prior knowledge.
    • Organization: making connections among various pieces of information.
    • Elaboration: adding additional ideas to new information based on prior knowledge.
    • Visual Imagery: forming a picture of the information.
    • Generation: producing information is easier to remember than receiving information.
    • Context: remembering the situation helps recover information.
    • Personalization: making the information relevant to the individual.

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