Questions and Answers
What type of learners prefer to learn through visual imagery such as films and pictures?
What type of learners prefer to learn through verbal lectures and discussions?
What type of auditory learners tend to remember things said to them and make the information their own?
What type of thinkers tend towards non-linear thought and tend to see the whole pattern rather than the particle elements?
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What type of learners prefer to read a map better than to read a book?
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What type of thinkers tend towards the linear, step by step process of learning?
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Which type of intelligence is concerned with connections to real world understanding and application of new learning?
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What is a handicap?
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What is an example of a learning disability?
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What is a characteristic of ADHD?
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What is a characteristic of individuals with autism?
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What is a characteristic of mental retardation?
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What is a type of disability?
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What is an example of a speech and communication disorder?
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What is the term for a condition where there is a malfunction of the eyes or optic nerves that prevent normal vision even with corrective lenses?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of giftedness?
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What is the term for the presence of two or more different types of disability, at times at a profound level?
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What is the process where the dog learns to salivate at other similar sounds after learning to salivate at the sound of the bell?
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What is the term for the Russian physiologist who is well known for his work in classical conditioning?
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What is the term for the condition where there is a malfunction of the ear or auditory nerves that hinders perception of sounds within the frequency range of normal speech?
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What is the term for the process where the conditioned response is eliminated due to the absence of the unconditioned stimulus?
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What is the term for the recovery of an extinguished conditioned response after an elapsed time?
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What type of schedules produce steadier and more persistent rates of response?
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What is the focus of neo-behaviorism?
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What is the unit of behaviour according to purpositive behaviourism?
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What is latent learning?
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What are intervening variables?
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What did Tolman conclude about reinforcement?
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What is the first condition of Bandura's modeling?
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What does gestalt theory emphasize?
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What is the primary function of attention in the process of learning?
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What is the primary difference between short-term memory and long-term memory?
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What is the primary cause of forgetting in the memory process?
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What is the purpose of organization in the memory process?
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What is the primary function of rehearsal in the memory process?
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What is the primary benefit of using visual imagery in the memory process?
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What is the primary purpose of personalization in the memory process?
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What is the primary role of context in the memory process?
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Study Notes
Learning Styles
- Visual-Iconic learners prefer visual imagery, such as films, graphic displays, or pictures, to solidify learning.
- Visual-Symbolic learners feel comfortable with abstract symbols, such as mathematical formulae or written words.
- Auditory learners learn best through verbal lectures, discussions, and listening to others; they can be further divided into Listeners and Talkers.
- Listeners remember things said to them and make the information their own.
- Talkers prefer to discuss and talk, not necessarily to be disruptive.
Global-Analytic Continuum
- Analytic thinkers tend towards linear, step-by-step learning, and are comfortable in a world of details and hierarchies of information.
- Global thinkers lean towards non-linear thought and tend to see the whole pattern rather than individual elements.
Existential (Spirit Smart) Intelligence
- This intelligence seeks connections to real-world understanding and application of new learning.
Disability and Exceptionalities
- Disability: a measurable impairment or limitation that interferes with a person's ability, such as physical, sensory, or mental conditions.
- Handicap: a disadvantage that occurs as a result of a disability or impairment.
- Categories of Exceptionalities:
- Learning Disabilities: difficulties in specific cognitive processes, such as perception, language, memory, or metacognition.
- ADHD: difficulty in focusing and maintaining attention, and recurrent hyperactive and impulsive behavior.
- Speech and Communication Disorders: difficulties in spoken language, including voice disorders, stuttering, and difficulty in spoken language comprehension.
- Social/Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties:
- Autism: impaired social interaction and communication, repetitive behaviors, and limited interests.
- Mental Retardation: significant sub-average intelligence and deficits in adaptive behavior.
- Emotional/Conduct Disorder: emotional states like depression and aggression that disturb learning and performance in school.
- Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments:
- Physical and Health Impairments: physical or medical conditions, such as limited energy and strength, reduced mental alertness, and little muscle control.
- Severe and Multiple Disabilities: presence of two or more different types of disabilities, requiring specific adaptations and specialized educational programs.
- Sensory Impairments:
- Visual Impairments: conditions that prevent normal vision, even with corrective lenses.
- Hearing Impairments: conditions that hinder perception of sounds within the frequency range of normal speech.
Giftedness
- Significantly high level of cognitive development, high abilities in intellectual activity, aptitude in academic subjects, creativity, and visual or performing arts or leadership.
Module 7: Classical Conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov: a Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning.
- Classical Conditioning: stimulus substitution.
- 3 stages of classical conditioning:
- Before conditioning: no salivation.
- During conditioning: salivation occurs in response to the bell.
- After conditioning: salivation occurs in response to the bell.
- Stimulus Generalization: the dog salivates at other similar sounds.
- Extinction: salivation ceases if the bell is not paired with food.
- Spontaneous Recovery: extinguished responses can be recovered after an elapsed time.
Other Theories
- Neobehaviorism: people create mental maps to respond to tasks later.
- Purposive Behaviorism: the unit of behavior is the total, goal-directed act, using varied muscular movements.
- Latent Learning: learning that remains with the individual until needed.
- The Concept of Intervening Variable: variables that are not readily seen but serve as determinants of behavior.
- Reinforcement not essential for learning: Tolman concluded that reinforcement is not essential for learning, although it provides an incentive for performance.
Bandura's 4 Conditions
- Attention: the person must pay attention to the model.
- Retention: the observer must remember the behavior.
- Motor Reproduction: the ability to replicate the behavior.
- Motivation: the learner must want to demonstrate what they have learned.
Gestalt Theory
- Emphasized the importance of sensory wholes and the dynamic nature of visual perception.
- The term "gestalt" means "form" or "configuration".
Information Processing Theory (IPT)
- 3 primary stages:
- Encoding: information is sensed, perceived, and attended to.
- Storage: information is stored for a brief or extended period.
- Retrieval: information is brought back at the appropriate time.
- Sensory Register: capacity, duration, and the role of attention.
- Short Term Memory (STM): limited capacity, brief duration, and info is lost if not rehearsed.
- Long Term Memory (LTM): the final or permanent storing house for memory information.
- Forgetting: the ability to retrieve or access information when needed.
- Decay: information not attended to eventually "fades" away.
- Interference: new or old information blocks access to information.
- Rehearsal: repeating information to memorize.
- Meaningful Learning: making connections between new information and prior knowledge.
- Organization: making connections among various pieces of information.
- Elaboration: adding additional ideas to new information based on prior knowledge.
- Visual Imagery: forming a picture of the information.
- Generation: producing information is easier to remember than receiving information.
- Context: remembering the situation helps recover information.
- Personalization: making the information relevant to the individual.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Explore different learning styles, including visual, auditory, and symbolic, to understand how individuals process information and learn effectively.
