Learning Disabilities and Attention Functions

Study Notes

Understanding Memory and Attention Functions

Memory functions involve encoding, storage, and retrieval of information over time, consisting of short-term memory, long-term memory, and retrieval.
Short-term memory allows for temporary storage of information for approximately 30 seconds, after which it is lost if not integrated into long-term memory.
Long-term memory stores information for an extended period.
Retrieval involves recalling information stored in long-term memory.

Attention Functions

Attention functions involve focusing mental resources on a stimulus for a required time period, consisting of sustained attention, selective attention, and dividing attention.
Sustained attention maintains focus for an extended period, also known as vigilance.
Selective attention focuses on a specific stimulus while ignoring others.
Dividing attention involves focusing on multiple activities or tasks simultaneously.

Learning Disabilities (LD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Students with LD and/or ADHD are characterized by difficulties with memory and attention functions.
LD is a general term that encompasses various disorders leading to significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities.
Types of Specific Learning Disabilities include:
- Dyslexia: characterized by difficulty in accurate word recognition and spelling due to phonological processing deficits.
- Dyscalculia: affects the acquisition and development of arithmetic skills despite average intelligence.
- Dysgraphia: affects the development of writing abilities, leading to spelling, handwriting, and expressive writing difficulties.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

DSM-5 provides diagnostic criteria for ADHD, which include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, and a combination of the two.
Signs of ADHD include:
- Inattention: difficulty in sustaining attention, following instructions, and staying organized.
- Hyperactivity and Impulsivity: fidgeting, restlessness, interrupting, and impulsive behavior.

Identification Process for Students with LD and ADHD

LD identification involves a discrepancy between academic achievement and intelligence, using standardized achievement tests, clinical testing, student observation, interviews, and error analysis of schoolwork.
ADHD identification involves medical examination, clinical interviews, teacher and parent rating scales, and behavioral observations.

Learning Characteristics of Learners with Difficulty Focusing/Remembering

Has a short attention span, poor memory, and difficulty in comprehending situations in communication.
Is easily distracted, has difficulty finishing work, and repeats unnecessary actions.
Has reversals in written work, difficulty in relating isolated facts into meaningful ideas, and struggles with language development, reading, and math skills.

Accommodations to Support Learners

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in an inclusive classroom involves:
- Multiple means of representation: audio books, multimedia presentations, and hands-on experiences.
- Multiple means of expression: debates, building models, digital audio presentations, and writing activities.
- Multiple means of engagement: hands-on activities, plays, simulation games, and role-playing.
Types of accommodations to provide support for students with difficulty remembering and focusing include:
- Presentation: audio files, bigger font sizes, levelled books, and digital text.
- Setting: preferential seating, background music, and movement breaks.
- Response: simplify instructions, use text-to-speech software, and provide math supports.
- Scheduling: provide extended time, break tasks into sections, and allow for quick brain breaks.
- Behaviour management: teach self-talk skills, physical relaxation techniques, and use squeeze balls to release tension.

Description

This quiz assesses understanding of memory and attention functions, characteristics of learners with Learning Disabilities (LD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and creating a supportive environment for diverse learners.