Questions and Answers
What is the Premack Principle?
The principle that says instead of looking at how a reinforcer satisfies a certain need, we look at the probability that a response will occur.
How could you use the Premack Principle to increase a low-probability behavior of your own?
I would complete an hour of studying in order to have an hour of watching Netflix.
Compare escape and avoidance behavior.
Escape behavior is a behavior that terminates the aversive stimulus, while avoidance behavior prevents the aversive stimulus from occurring.
Provide an example of escape behavior from your life.
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Provide an example of avoidance behavior from your life.
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Describe a view of compulsive behavior as avoidant.
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What is the exposure and response prevention treatment of OCD?
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What impact does noncontingent reinforcement have on responding?
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Compare positive punishment and negative punishment.
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How are negative punishment and extinction similar?
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Identify the potential problems of using punishment.
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Study Notes
Premack Principle
- Reinforcement based on the probability of responses rather than needs.
- High-probability behavior can reinforce low-probability behavior.
- Example: Studying for an hour leads to an hour of Netflix; studying is reinforced by the reward of watching.
Escape and Avoidance Behavior
- Escape behavior ends an aversive stimulus (e.g., leaving a loud party).
- Avoidance behavior prevents an aversive stimulus (e.g., avoiding presentations due to anxiety).
- Both behaviors aim to reduce discomfort caused by stressors.
Compulsive Behavior
- Viewed as an active avoidance response to reduce anxiety.
- Examples include repetitive actions, like excessive hand-washing.
- Compulsive actions provide temporary relief, serving as both avoidance and escape from anxiety.
Exposure and Response Prevention Treatment (ERPT) for OCD
- A therapy combining flooding and desensitization.
- Gradual exposure helps reduce anxiety while prolonged exposure addresses the fear directly.
Noncontingent Reinforcement
- Leads to ritualistic behavior patterns when reinforcement occurs independently of behavior.
- Accidental reinforcement causes behaviors to increase in frequency, forming habitual actions.
Positive vs. Negative Punishment
- Positive punishment introduces an aversive stimulus after a response to decrease that response's strength.
- Negative punishment removes a rewarding experience following a response, also decreasing the response's strength.
Negative Punishment vs. Extinction
- Negative punishment involves removing positive stimuli to weaken behaviors.
- Extinction weakens conditioned responses by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
- Key difference: one is about removal (negative punishment) while the other is about non-reinforcement (extinction).
Application of Concepts in Reinforcement/Punishment
- Understanding conditioned/unconditioned and intrinsic/extrinsic factors is essential for effective reinforcement and punishment strategies.
- Differentiating between natural and contrived consequences can enhance learning outcomes.
Problems with Using Punishment
- Punishment doesn’t necessarily promote positive behavior; can suppress harmless behaviors.
- It may lead to a general reduction of behaviors, not just the targeted one.
- Effects on the punisher's relationship dynamics can be detrimental, with potential for fear or resentment to develop.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Premack Principle and its application to behavior modification. This flashcard set will help you understand how to leverage high-probability behaviors to enhance low-probability actions in various contexts.