Learning and Adaptation
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Questions and Answers

What does positive reinforcement accomplish in operant conditioning?

  • It strengthens a response by presenting a reinforcing stimulus. (correct)
  • It leads to the complete extinction of a behavior.
  • It decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.
  • It is the same as positive punishment.

    • Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?

  • It always involves a physical reinforcer such as food.
  • Behavior changes through the consequences that follow it.
  • It involves voluntary responses controlled by an organism.
  • Behavior is shaped by associations between two stimuli before a response. (correct)

    • Which statement correctly describes operant extinction?

  • It leads to the immediate and permanent disappearance of behavior.
  • It is the weakening of behavior due to lack of reinforcement. (correct)
  • It results from the introduction of a negative stimulus.
  • It occurs when a response is consistently reinforced.

    • What is the primary role of a secondary reinforcer?

    <p>To acquire reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines negative reinforcement?

    <p>The avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus resulting in strengthened behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents an example of spontaneous recovery?

    <p>A child stops crying when given a toy, then begins to cry again after a week.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?

    <p>Emitted behavior shaped by its consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, which outcome would decrease the likelihood of behavior?

    <p>Negative punishment following the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of negative punishment over positive punishment?

    <p>It does not model aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes primary reinforcers?

    <p>They satisfy biological needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of delay of gratification?

    <p>The ability to resist an immediate reward in favor of a larger future reward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'chaining' refer to in operant conditioning?

    <p>Creating a sequence of behaviors where each response leads to the next.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by operant discrimination?

    <p>Learning to react only to specific antecedent stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of continuous reinforcement?

    <p>Every instance of a behavior is reinforced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of generalization, if a dog trained to 'sit' starts sitting for others giving the command, this demonstrates what?

    <p>Generalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcer is money classified as?

    <p>Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a conditioned response (CR) weakens and eventually disappears when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

    <p>Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which exposure therapy technique aims to gradually expose a patient to a feared stimulus while promoting relaxation?

    <p>Systematic desensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what term refers to the original naturally occurring stimulus that produces an unconditioned response (UCR)?

    <p>Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Thorndike's law of effect state about responses followed by satisfying outcomes?

    <p>They are more likely to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, what is the term for the method involving a lever that delivers food when pressed by a rat?

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) reappears after a period of rest?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of CS-UCS pairing provides optimal learning conditions?

    <p>Forward short delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result when an animal responds to similar stimuli with the same conditioned response (CR) in conditioning?

    <p>Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of response is weakened as a result of punishment in operant conditioning?

    <p>Conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes operant conditioning according to Skinner's research?

    <p>Facilitating personal adaptation through reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning and Adaptation

    • Learning is a process where experience changes behavior or capabilities (knowing how). Performance is "doing"
    • Measure learning by observing actual changes in performance.
    • Behaviorism focuses on directly observable events, relating learning solely to these events.
    • Ethology focuses on animal behavior in natural environments, examining the functional purpose of the behavior.
    • Biology, cognitive, and cultural factors influence personal adaptation. Species adaptation involves natural selection and adaptations passed through genes. Culture includes norms and beliefs, skills, social behaviors, and preferences.
    • Habituation is a decrease in response strength to repeated stimuli. We become less responsive to constant stimuli, like clothing against our skin.
    • Sensitization is an increase in the strength of a response to repeated stimuli, like a startling noise resulting in a more intense startle response with multiple presentations.
    • Classical conditioning involves associating one stimulus with another, creating a response to the associated stimulus. An example might be associating a song with a pleasant event, leading to the song eliciting a happy response.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Pavlov studied salivary responses in dogs, noting a natural response (salivation) to food.
    • Learning is observed in associating a neutral stimulus (e.g. a tone) with a naturally occurring stimulus (e.g. food), producing a conditioned response (e.g. salivation to the tone).
    • Acquisition is the period when an association is being learned.
    • Different pairings (short delay, trace, simultaneous) of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) have different optimal learning outcomes.
    • Extinction occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS, weakening the conditioned response.
    • Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time.
    • Generalization is responding to stimuli similar to the CS, and discrimination is responding only to the specific CS.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant conditioning focuses on emitted behavior, where consequences shape the likelihood of repeated behavior.
    • Reinforcement strengthens a response by presenting a desirable stimulus or removing an undesirable one (e.g. food, praise).
    • Primary reinforcers satisfy basic needs, while secondary reinforcers gain their value through association with primary reinforcers.
    • Negative reinforcement strengthens a response by removing an adverse stimulus.
    • Operant extinction weakens a response by not reinforcing the behavior.
    • Positive punishment weakens a response by presenting an aversive stimulus, and negative punishment weakens a response through the removal of a desirable stimulus.
    • Skinner's analysis of operant behavior involves antecedents, behaviors, and consequences.

    Schedules of Reinforcement

    • Reinforcement schedules vary, with fixed-ratio (FR) schedules providing reinforcement after a set number of responses, and variable-ratio (VR) schedules offering reinforcement after a varying number.
    • Fixed-interval (FI) schedules provide reinforcement after specific time intervals, while variable-interval (VI) schedules offer reinforcement at unpredictable time intervals.
    • Continuous reinforcement leads to quick learning but rapid extinction, while intermittent reinforcement leads to greater resistance to extinction.

    Content Theories of Motivation

    • Motivation theories explain the reasons behind behavior.
    • Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes physiological, safety, affiliation, esteem, and self-actualization.
    • Alderfer's ERG theory simplifies Maslow's hierarchy into existence, relatedness, and growth needs.

    Process Theories of Motivation

    • Process theories focus on the mechanisms of how needs translate into behavior.
    • Reinforcement theory suggests that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated.
    • Expectancy theory considers effort, performance, and outcome valuation in motivation, with expectancies influencing the likelihood of taking action for reward.
    • Equity theory describes situations where individuals strive for balance between their inputs and outputs compared to referents.
    • Goal-setting theory recognizes that specific and challenging goals can motivate behavior.

    Theories of Emotion

    • Emotion theories explain how emotional feelings are triggered and experienced.
    • James-Lange theory suggests that emotional feelings arise from bodily arousal.
    • Cannon-Bard theory proposes that the thalamus triggers both emotional feelings and bodily arousal simultaneously.
    • Schachter's two-factor theory postulates that emotional experience is a result of both bodily arousal and cognitive appraisal.

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of learning and adaptation through various psychological frameworks. This quiz covers behaviorism, ethology, and the roles of biology and culture in learning. Test your understanding of habits, sensitization, and classical conditioning in behavior.

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