Leadership Theories Overview
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Questions and Answers

What primary focus distinguishes transformational leaders from transactional leaders?

  • Building relationships with followers (correct)
  • Developing organizational policies
  • Setting strict performance metrics
  • Engaging in exchanges of benefits

    • Which of the following outcomes is NOT typically associated with transformational leadership?

  • Improved job performance
  • Increased organizational commitment
  • Employee disengagement (correct)
  • Higher levels of motivation

    • Which of the following attributes is essential for a transformational leader to effectively motivate their followers?

  • Strict adherence to rules
  • An ability to sing, chant or lead rituals
  • A clear understanding of followers' motives (correct)
  • A focus on maintaining the status quo

    • How do transformational leaders generally perceive the relationship with their followers?

    <p>As a potential for growth and collaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of transformational leadership style in organizations?

    <p>Encouragement of personal growth among employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with charismatic leaders according to House’s 1976 theory?

    <p>Empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a behavioral trait of charismatic leaders?

    <p>Demonstrating flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to charismatic leadership theory, the motives of charismatic leaders primarily include which of the following?

    <p>Power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the emotional connection in charismatic leadership according to Burns?

    <p>An emotional bond between leader and followers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of transformational leadership is highlighted as a key personal quality of leaders?

    <p>Charm and optimism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which does NOT represent a meaning of charisma according to Burns?

    <p>Popular support edged with resentment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between transformational leaders and their followers?

    <p>They inspire high performance through personal qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is used as an example of a transformational leader in the provided context?

    <p>Vince Lombardi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is NOT associated with effective leadership according to trait theory?

    <p>High levels of compassion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes behavior theory from trait theory in leadership studies?

    <p>Focus on actions of the leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style emphasizes majority rule and group participation?

    <p>Democratic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Kurt Lewin's study view the democratic leadership style compared to other styles?

    <p>More beneficial than autocratic or laissez-faire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'initiating structure' refer to in the context of leadership?

    <p>The extent to which leaders define their relationship with staff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Ghiselli's traits for effective leadership, which of the following is NOT listed as an important trait?

    <p>Emotional stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style includes minimal leader intervention and oversight?

    <p>Laissez-faire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR theory emphasize on the performance of followers?

    <p>Leader's behavioral impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combination of traits is essential according to trait theory for leadership effectiveness?

    <p>Basic intelligence, values, and personal energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Kurt Lewin's leadership research primarily focus on?

    <p>Behavioral styles and their impact on followers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dimension of leadership behavior does the term 'Consideration' refer to?

    <p>Concern for developing relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style is characterized by low concern for both production and people according to the Managerial Grid?

    <p>Impoverished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Managerial Grid, what does the Paternalistic style typically involve?

    <p>High concern for production with strict compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT considered a situational factor in Leadership Contingency Theory?

    <p>The effectiveness of the leader's charisma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key idea behind the Leadership Contingency Theory?

    <p>Effective leadership is determined by the specific situation and follower needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is associated with a toxic triangle in leadership?

    <p>Charismatic leaders with narcissism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following styles on the Managerial Grid emphasizes high concern for people at the expense of production?

    <p>Country club</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leadership effectiveness can diminish due to which of the following combinations?

    <p>A narcissistic leader amidst followers with hidden agendas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines a Fully functioning style in the Managerial Grid?

    <p>High concern for both production and people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leadership trait helps to keep morale high according to the lessons learned from Ernest Shackleton's expedition?

    <p>Promoting open and clear communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transformational leaders primarily focus on exchanges between leaders and followers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Employees under transformational leaders tend to show decreased levels of motivation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A key characteristic of transformational leadership is the ability to keep a low bar for performance expectations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transactional leaders engage the full person of the follower in the leadership process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A transformational leader believes in both themselves and their followers, which is crucial for their effectiveness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trait theory suggests that physical and psychological characteristics account for leadership effectiveness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The laissez-faire leadership style involves a high level of activity from the leader.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kurt Lewin, the autocratic leadership style was found to be the most beneficial.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'need for achievement' is one of Ghiselli's traits identified as crucial for effective leadership.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Charismatic leaders are characterized by their lack of ambition and self-confidence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behavior theory emphasizes the inherent qualities of the leader rather than their actions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Initiating structure refers to the extent to which leaders allow their staff to define their roles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the primary motives of charismatic leaders includes achieving power.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Democratic leadership emphasizes majority rule and the participation of group members in decision-making.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term charisma implies that leaders have magical qualities that can be relied on by their followers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Communicating low expectations is a behavior commonly demonstrated by charismatic leaders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In trait theory, a high level of personal energy is regarded as a minor trait for leadership effectiveness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vince Lombardi is considered a representative example of a transactional leader.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire was developed by Ralph Stogdill to assess leader behaviors in three dimensions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behavior theory highlights that the actions of a leader significantly impact the performance of followers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burns' interpretation of charisma aligns with the notion of a leader being perceived as virtually omniscient.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The behavioral traits of charismatic leaders include their ability to foster emotional bonds with their followers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Charismatic leaders have no defined ideological goals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Paternalistic style in leadership combines high concern for production with low concern for compliance and loyalty.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Managerial Grid, the Sweatshop style shows high concern for both production and people.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both experienced and newer followers have identical leadership needs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Contingency Theory asserts that a single best leadership style suits all situations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Managerial Grid identifies the Fully functioning style as having a low concern for production and people.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transformational leaders rely primarily on punishments to motivate their followers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opportunistic leadership is characterized by adherence to a consistent style to promote the team's interests.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A crisis can lead followers to actively seek out charismatic leaders to solve problems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The toxic triangle of leadership includes a leader with low charisma and stability.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leading by example and maintaining a positive attitude are among the lessons learned from Ernest Shackleton's expedition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main theories focusing on different aspects of leadership effectiveness?

    <p>Trait theory and behavior theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Ghiselli, which trait is associated with effective leadership related to decision-making?

    <p>Decisiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the democratic leadership style prioritize over other styles according to Kurt Lewin's research?

    <p>Group participation and majority rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical component does trait theory assume accounts for leadership effectiveness?

    <p>Distinctive physical and psychological characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of leadership behavior theories, what does 'initiating structure' refer to?

    <p>The extent to which leaders define their relationship with their staff.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style is characterized by minimal leader intervention and oversight?

    <p>Laissez-faire leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of behavior theory in leadership studies?

    <p>The actions and behaviors of the leader.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to trait theory, which trait signifies a leader's capability to maintain energy levels?

    <p>High level of personal energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Kurt Lewin's autocratic leadership style entail?

    <p>Tight control of group activities and decisions made solely by the leader.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait identified by Ghiselli relates to a leader's ambition and drive for success?

    <p>Need for achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two characteristics of charismatic leaders as defined by House's 1976 theory.

    <p>Dominant and self-confident.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates charismatic leaders according to the content provided?

    <p>Power, achievement, and affiliation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do charismatic leaders ignite their followers' motives?

    <p>By communicating high expectations and demonstrating confidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way in which transformational leaders aim to achieve high performance?

    <p>By using personal qualities like optimism and charm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Burns, what does charisma signify in terms of leader-follower relationships?

    <p>An emotional bond between the leader and the led.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide one example of a transformational leader mentioned in the content.

    <p>Vince Lombardi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of ideological goals do charismatic leaders typically have?

    <p>Goals with moral overtones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do charismatic leaders serve as role models?

    <p>By embodying the beliefs and values they wish their followers to adopt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two leadership dimensions identified in the University of Michigan studies?

    <p>Job-Centered and Employee-Centered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Managerial Grid, what distinguishes the 'Fully functioning' style?

    <p>It is characterized by a high concern for both production and people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Paternalistic style in leadership function?

    <p>It combines high concern for production with rewards in exchange for loyalty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Leadership Contingency Theory claim about effective leadership?

    <p>Effective leadership varies according to the leader, followers, and situational factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one of the destructive characteristics in a toxic triangle of leadership.

    <p>A charismatic leader with narcissism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key lesson about leadership can be learned from Ernest Shackleton’s expedition?

    <p>Leading by example and maintaining a positive attitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leadership style is characterized by low concern for both production and people according to the Managerial Grid?

    <p>Impoverished style.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style uses personal ambition to decide which approach to utilize?

    <p>Opportunistic style.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the situational factors in Leadership Contingency Theory?

    <p>They include conditions like job performance, workplace culture, and task urgency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Consideration' refer to in the context of leadership behavior?

    <p>It refers to the extent to which leaders develop trust and support with subordinates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way transformational leaders positively impact their followers?

    <p>They increase employees' motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do transformational leaders differ in their approach to followers compared to transactional leaders?

    <p>Transformational leaders focus on inspiring and engaging followers, while transactional leaders emphasize exchanges and rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is essential for maintaining a high performance bar as a transformational leader?

    <p>Believing in oneself and the players.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element of motivation is particularly tapped into by transformational leaders?

    <p>The intrinsic motives of their followers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can transformational leadership lead to improved job performance within an organization?

    <p>By fostering higher levels of motivation among employees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics to the correct type of leadership:

    <p>Focused on exchanges = Transactional leadership Engages the full person = Transformational leadership Emphasizes motivation = Transformational leadership Relies on clear exchanges = Transactional leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the outcomes associated with transformational leadership to their descriptions:

    <p>Higher motivation = Increased commitment and engagement Improved job performance = Enhanced effectiveness in tasks Increased organizational commitment = Greater loyalty to the organization Decreased morale = Negative impact on engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following qualities to their significance in leadership:

    <p>Belief in self and others = Essential for transformational leaders High performance expectations = Characteristic of transformational leadership Transactional exchanges = Nature of transactional leadership Motivation of followers = Focus of transformational leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the leadership style to their corresponding focus:

    <p>Transformational leadership = Development of potential Transactional leadership = Direct exchanges Managing performance = Set clear expectations Motivating followers = Engaging the full person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leadership impacts to their levels in an organization:

    <p>Transformational leadership = Positive effect at all levels Transactional leadership = Limited effect beyond exchanges Increased job satisfaction = Common outcome of transformational leaders Motivation levels = Higher under transformational leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the leadership styles with their characteristics as described in Kurt Lewin's study:

    <p>Autocratic = Tight control and decisions made by the leader Democratic = Group participation and majority rule Laissez-faire = Minimal leader intervention None of the above = Requires strict adherence to rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the important traits identified in Ghiselli's traits for effective leadership:

    <p>Need for achievement = Desire to succeed and accomplish goals Intelligence = Capacity to learn and understand complex situations Decisiveness = Ability to make firm decisions quickly Self-confidence = Trust in one’s abilities and judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the theories of leadership with their primary focus:

    <p>Trait theory = Leader's individual qualities Behavior theory = Actions and behaviors of leaders Contingency theory = Situational factors in leadership effectiveness Transformational theory = Changing organizational culture and follower engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to leadership behavior with their definitions:

    <p>Initiating structure = Defining relationships between leader and staff Consideration = Supportive and friendly behavior towards followers Task-oriented behavior = Focus on completing tasks and achieving goals People-oriented behavior = Focus on maintaining good relationships with team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the dimensions of leadership as described in the Ohio State University studies:

    <p>Initiating structure = Extent of task specification and organization Consideration = Extent of warmth and support shown to followers Performance orientation = Emphasis on achieving results and productivity Empowerment = Encouraging autonomy and decision-making among followers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the characteristics of the Democratic leadership style based on Kurt Lewin's findings:

    <p>Encourages participation = Values input from all group members Majority rule = Decisions are made based on group consensus Flexibility = Adapts to suggestions and feedback from the team Control-oriented = Exerts authority to maintain order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the key elements of leadership effectiveness as per trait theory:

    <p>Basic intelligence = Essential for understanding complex problems Clear and strong values = Guide decision-making and behavior Personal energy = Drives motivation and engagement Empathy = Understanding and relating to follower emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the leadership styles with their implications for follower performance:

    <p>Autocratic = Can lead to compliance but may stifle creativity Democratic = Fosters innovation and job satisfaction Laissez-faire = Can lead to confusion and disorganization Participative = Enhances team collaboration and trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the results of leadership behavior studies with their conclusions:

    <p>Democratic leadership = Leads to higher follower morale Autocratic leadership = Can create a hostile environment Laissez-faire leadership = Often results in low performance Transactional leadership = Focuses on exchanges rather than transformational change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the characteristics of charismatic leaders with their descriptions:

    <p>Dominance = Possesses strong influence over followers Self-confidence = Shows assurance in leadership capabilities Ambition = Driven to achieve high goals Strong sense of purpose = Guided by clear ideologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the behaviors of charismatic leaders with their corresponding actions:

    <p>Role modeling = Exhibiting values for followers to emulate Communicating high expectations = Inspiring confidence in follower abilities Respect-eliciting ability = Demonstrating competence that followers admire Igniting motives = Encouraging followers to take initiative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the motives of charismatic leaders with their respective areas:

    <p>Power = Desire to influence and control Achievement = Aspiration for success and accomplishment Affiliation = Need for social connection and acceptance Recognition = Seeking acknowledgment from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the meanings of charisma according to Burns with their explanations:

    <p>Magical qualities = Perceived extraordinary traits of a leader Emotional bond = Connection that fosters loyalty and commitment Omniscience assumption = Belief that a leader knows everything Powerful figure dependence = Reliance on a leader for guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the qualities that define transformational leadership with their descriptions:

    <p>Optimism = Forward-looking and positive attitude Charm = Charismatic appeal that attracts followers Intelligence = Ability to understand and solve complex issues Personal qualities = Intrinsic attributes that motivate others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the examples of transformational leaders with their impact:

    <p>Vince Lombardi = Clear values leading to follower dedication Nelson Mandela = Inspiring change through personal sacrifice Oprah Winfrey = Empowerment through storytelling and connection Steve Jobs = Innovation driving organizational transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of charismatic leadership with their significance:

    <p>Confidence in expectations = Belief that challenges can be met Moral overtones = Leading with ethics and principles Respect from followers = Gaining loyalty through admiration Goal-oriented vision = Setting inspiring objectives for others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the traits of leaders that House's theory associates with effective leadership:

    <p>Self-confidence = Belief in one's abilities Ambition = Drive for success Charisma = Attractiveness that inspires others Dominance = Assertiveness in leadership roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leadership styles with their definitions:

    <p>Impoverished = Low concern for production and people Sweatshop = High concern for production but low concern for people Country club = High concern for people and low concern for task accomplishment Opportunistic = Uses whichever style will best promote the manager's own advancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leadership theories with their key concepts:

    <p>Trait Theory = Inherent qualities of the leader Behavior Theory = Actions and behaviors of leaders Contingency Theory = Leadership effectiveness depends on situation Transformational Leadership = Inspiring others and loyalty through charisma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of leadership effectiveness with their factors:

    <p>Leader = Individual characteristics and behaviors of the leader Followers = Needs and values of the team Situational factors = Context in which leadership is exercised Crisis perception = Active search for charismatic leaders in difficult times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following behavioral traits identified in Shackleton's expedition with their descriptions:

    <p>Leading by example = Demonstrating desired behaviors personally Communicating a vision = Articulating clear goals and direction Keeping up morale = Encouraging positive attitudes among followers Maintaining a positive attitude = Staying optimistic despite challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following styles on the Managerial Grid with their characteristics:

    <p>Fully functioning = High concern for both production and people Status quo = Medium concern for production and people Paternalistic = Combines high concern for production with rewards Country club = Emphasizes relationships over task completion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their meanings:

    <p>Charisma = Ability to inspire and attract loyalty Toxic triangle = Combination of harmful leader traits and follower issues Employee-centered = Focus on relationship-oriented behaviors Job-centered = Focus on task-oriented behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leadership behaviors with their purposes:

    <p>Listening actively = Understanding team concerns Providing feedback = Enhancing team performance Setting clear expectations = Defining roles and responsibilities Encouraging collaboration = Fostering teamwork and cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leadership dimensions with their descriptions:

    <p>Consideration = Extent to which leaders build trust and support Initiating Structure = Extent to which leaders define roles and tasks Charismatic leadership = Influence based on personal appeal Transactional leadership = Focus on exchanges to achieve results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts from Leadership Contingency Theory with their descriptions:

    <p>Leader characteristics = Traits needed for effective leadership Follower characteristics = Distinct needs of different team members Situational influence = Impact of context on leadership effectiveness Leadership style = Adaptation to various circumstances and challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a key attribute of transformational leadership?

    <p>High levels of motivation among employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transactional leaders prioritize the potential relationship between themselves and their followers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of transformational leadership on employees?

    <p>Improved job performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transformational leaders engage the full _____ of their followers.

    <p>person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of leadership to its primary focus:

    <p>Transformational Leadership = Focus on motivating and inspiring followers Transactional Leadership = Focus on exchanges and rewards Charismatic Leadership = Focus on emotional connection and influence Servant Leadership = Focus on serving and empowering followers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of charismatic leaders according to House's 1976 theory?

    <p>Self-sacrificing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Charismatic leaders do not often ignite the motives of their followers to take action.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three broad areas that motives and tasks of charismatic leaders fall into?

    <p>Power, Achievement, Affiliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Burns, charisma involves an emotional bond between the leader and the __________.

    <p>led</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following behaviors of charismatic leaders with their descriptions:

    <p>Role models = They exemplify the beliefs and values they want their followers to adopt. High expectations = They communicate confidence in their ability to meet challenges. Respect = They demonstrate abilities that earn the admiration of followers. Motivation = They spark followers' motives to take action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes a transformational leader?

    <p>Uses personal qualities to inspire and transform others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A transformational leader primarily relies on their intelligence and charm to raise aspirations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is given as an example of a transformational leader?

    <p>Vince Lombardi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is considered crucial in Leadership Trait Theory?

    <p>High level of personal energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behavior theory primarily focuses on the inherent qualities of leaders rather than their actions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three styles of leadership identified by Kurt Lewin.

    <p>Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-faire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ghiselli identified the 'need for __________' as one of the important traits for effective leadership.

    <p>achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style is characterized by a high concern for both production and people?

    <p>Fully functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leadership styles with their characteristics:

    <p>Autocratic = Tight control of group activities Democratic = Group participation and majority rule Laissez-faire = Low activity by the leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paternalistic leadership involves low concern for production.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style emphasizes leader control and decision-making over group input?

    <p>Autocratic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main premise of Leadership Contingency Theory?

    <p>Leadership effectiveness depends on the leader, followers, and situational factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kurt Lewin's study indicated that the democratic leadership style was found to be less beneficial than the autocratic style.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The leadership style characterized by low concern for both production and people is known as __________.

    <p>Impoverished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style focuses on gaining personal advancement regardless of situational context?

    <p>Opportunistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to leadership trait theory, what are two key characteristics that determine leadership effectiveness?

    <p>Basic intelligence and clear values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term __________ refers to the extent to which leaders define the relationship between themselves and their staff.

    <p>initiating structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the leadership styles with their descriptions:

    <p>Impoverished = Low concern for both production and people Sweatshop = High concern for production but low concern for people Country club = High concern for people and low concern for task accomplishment Fully functioning = High concern for both production and people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension was part of the Ohio State University Studies on Leadership?

    <p>Initiating structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A crisis can create followers who actively look for a charismatic leader.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two characteristics of transformational leaders?

    <p>Charisma and the ability to inspire loyalty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Managerial Grid, the __________ style features a balance between concern for production and people.

    <p>Fully functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT considered a situational factor in Leadership Contingency Theory?

    <p>Leader's personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Leadership Theories

    • Early leadership studies focused on two theories: trait theory and behavior theory.
    • Trait theory focuses on qualities of the leader.
    • Behavior theory focuses on leadership actions.

    Leadership Trait Theory

    • Leadership effectiveness is determined by distinctive physical and psychological characteristics.
    • Key traits include:
      • Basic intelligence
      • Clear and strong values
      • High level of personal energy
    • Ghiselli identified additional key traits for effective leadership:
      • Need for achievement
      • Intelligence
      • Decisiveness
      • Self-confidence
      • Initiative
      • Supervisory ability

    Leadership Behavior Theory

    • Kurt Lewin identified three leadership styles:
      • Autocratic: Tight control of group activities and decisions made by the leader.
      • Democratic: Group participation and majority rule emphasized.
      • Laissez-faire: Low levels of activity by the leader.
    • Lewin's studies indicated that the democratic style was most beneficial.
    • Emphasized the impact of leader behavior on follower performance.

    Ohio State University Studies on Leadership

    • Ralph Stogdill developed the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire.
    • Two dimensions of leadership behavior were identified:
      • Initiating structure: Extent to which leaders take action to define the relationship between themselves and their staff (Task-Oriented).
      • Consideration: Extent to which leaders take action to develop trust, respect, support, and friendship with subordinates (Relationship-Oriented).

    University of Michigan Studies on Leadership

    • Rensis Likert's studies found two similar dimensions of leadership behavior:
      • Job-Centered: Same as Task-Oriented “Initiating Structure”.
      • Employee-Centered: Same as Relationship-Oriented “Consideration”.

    The Managerial Grid

    • Created by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1964.
    • Identifies a real leader as having high concern for both production and people.
    • Five major styles identified:
      • Impoverished: Low concern for production and people
      • Sweatshop: High concern for production but low concern for people
      • Country club: High concern for people and low concern for task accomplishment
      • Status quo: Medium concern for both production and people
      • Fully functioning: High concern for both production and people
    • Two additional styles were added:
      • Paternalistic: Uses high concern for production combined with use of rewards in exchange for compliance and loyalty
      • Opportunistic: Uses whichever style will best promote the manager's own advancement

    Leadership Contingency Theory

    • Claims that the most appropriate leadership qualities and actions vary from situation to situation.
    • Leadership effectiveness depends on:
      • The Leader
      • Followers
      • Situational factors

    Transformational Leadership

    • Charismatic leaders have extraordinary ability to inspire others and bring forth loyalty.
    • R.J. House's theory of charismatic leadership stated that characteristics of charismatic leaders include:
      • Dominant
      • Ambitious
      • Self-confident
      • Strong sense of purpose
    • Behaviors of charismatic leaders:
      • Role models for beliefs and values they want followers to adopt.
      • Demonstrate ability that elicits respect from followers.
      • Have ideological goals with moral overtones.
      • Communicate high expectations and show confidence in followers' ability to meet them.
      • Ignite followers' motives to take action.
    • Political sociologist James MacGregor Burns states that the term charisma has taken on a number of meanings:
      • Magical qualities of a leader
      • Emotional bond between leader and followers
      • Dependence on the leader by the masses
      • Assumptions that the leader is all-knowing and virtuous
      • Popular support for a leader verging on love
    • Transformational leadership describes leaders who use optimism, charm, intelligence, and personal qualities to raise aspirations and transform individuals and organizations.
    • Transactional leaders focus on exchanges between leaders and followers, emphasizing one thing for another.
    • Transformational leadership has a positive effect at all levels of an organization, resulting in higher motivation, improved job performance, and increased organizational commitment for employees.

    Leadership Trait Theory

    • Proposes that specific physical and mental traits contribute to effective leadership.
    • Important leadership traits include: basic intelligence, strong values, high personal energy.
    • Edwin Ghiselli identified traits for effective leadership: need for achievement, intelligence, decisiveness, self-confidence, initiative, supervisory ability.

    Leadership Behavior Theory

    • Kurt Lewin studied leadership styles: Autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire.
    • Democratic leadership was the most beneficial.
    • Emphasized the impact of the leader's behavior on followers' performance.

    Ohio State University Studies on Leadership

    • Used the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire to study leadership behaviors.
    • Defined leadership behaviors on two dimensions:
      • Initiating structure: leader's focus on task-related actions.
      • Consideration: leader's focus on building relationships with subordinates.

    University of Michigan Studies on Leadership

    • Two similar dimensions of leadership behavior were identified:
      • Job-centered: similar to task-oriented "initiating structure."
      • Employee-centered: similar to relationship-oriented "consideration."

    The Managerial Grid

    • Developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton to identify leadership styles.
    • Five major styles:
      • Impoverished: low concern for production and people.
      • Sweatshop: high concern for production, low concern for people.
      • Country club: high concern for people, low concern for task accomplishment.
      • Status quo: medium concern for production and people.
      • Fully functioning: high concern for both production and people.
    • Two additional styles:
      • Paternalistic: high concern for production, using rewards for compliance and loyalty.
      • Opportunistic: uses whatever style benefits the manager's advancement.

    Leadership Contingency Theory

    • Challenges the idea of a single best leadership style for all situations.
    • Leadership effectiveness depends on:
      • The leader's qualities and actions.
      • The followers' characteristics and expectations.
      • Situational factors: job, workplace culture, task urgency.

    Transformational Leadership

    • Charismatic leaders inspire others and build loyalty.
    • R.J. House’s theory identifies characteristics of charismatic leaders: dominant, ambitious, self-confident, strong sense of purpose.
    • Behaviors:
      • Role models for desired beliefs and values.
      • Demonstrate competence and gain respect from followers.
      • Communicate high expectations and confidence in achieving them.
      • Motivate followers to take action.
    • Motives and tasks of charismatic leaders: power, achievement, affiliation.
    • James MacGregor Burns defines charisma as:
      • Magical qualities.
      • An emotional bond between leader and followers.
      • Dependence on a powerful figure by the masses.
      • Perception of the leader as omniscient and virtuous.
      • Popular support bordering on love.
    • Transformational leadership elevates aspirations, driving individuals and organizations to high performance.
    • Example of a Transformational leader: Vince Lombardi, NFL head coach.
    • Transformational leaders focus on the leader-follower relationship, engaging the whole person and tapping follower's motives.
    • Transactional leaders focus on exchanges between leaders and followers, exchanging one thing for another.
    • Transformational leadership can have a positive effect at all organizational levels.
      • Employees with transformational leaders have higher motivation, improved performance, increased organizational commitment.

    Leadership Theories

    • Leadership can be defined by different theories, examining different aspects.
    • Trait theory focuses on the characteristics of a leader, while behavior theory examines the actions and behaviors they exhibit.
    • These theories attempt to understand and predict leadership effectiveness.

    Trait Theory

    • Trait theory assumes that specific physical and psychological characteristics contribute to effective leadership.
    • Essential traits include intelligence, strong values, and high energy levels.
    • Ghiselli's traits for leadership include need for achievement, intelligence, decisiveness, self-confidence, initiative, and supervisory ability.

    Behavior Theory

    • Kurt Lewin identified three leadership styles:
      • Autocratic: Tight control, leader makes decisions.
      • Democratic: Group participation, majority rule.
      • Laissez-faire: Minimal leader involvement.
    • Lewin's studies demonstrated that democratic leadership was more effective than autocratic or laissez-faire.

    Ohio State University Studies

    • Ralph Stogdill and colleagues developed the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire.
    • This identified two leadership dimensions:
      • Initiating structure: Defining relationships and tasks (Task-Oriented).
      • Consideration: Building trust, respect, and support (Relationship-Oriented).

    University of Michigan Studies

    • Rensis Likert's studies identified similar leadership dimensions:
      • Job-Centered: Similar to Task-Oriented.
      • Employee-Centered: Similar to Relationship-Oriented.

    The Managerial Grid

    • Developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, the Managerial Grid classifies leadership styles based on concern for production and people.
    • Five major styles:
      • Impoverished: Low concern for both.
      • Sweatshop: High concern for production, low for people.
      • Country club: High concern for people, low for production.
      • Status quo: Medium concern for both.
      • Fully functioning: High concern for both.
    • Two additional styles:
      • Paternalistic: Uses rewards for loyalty and compliance.
      • Opportunistic: Uses whichever style benefits the leader.

    Leadership Contingency Theory

    • Contingency theory states that the best leadership style varies depending on the situation.
    • Leadership effectiveness is influenced by:
      • The leader's characteristics.
      • Follower traits.
      • Situational factors.

    Transformational Leadership

    • Charismatic leaders inspire and evoke loyalty through their personality and beliefs.
    • R.J. House identified characteristics of charismatic leaders: dominance, ambition, self-confidence, and a strong sense of purpose.
    • Behaviors of charismatic leaders:
      • Role model for desired values.
      • Demonstrate ability to earn respect.
      • Communicate high expectations and confidence.
      • Motivate followers to take action.
    • Motives and tasks of charismatic leaders include power, achievement, and affiliation.

    Transformational vs. Transactional Leadership

    • Transformational leadership focuses on the relationship between leader and followers, engaging their full potential.
    • Transactional leadership focuses on exchanges between leader and followers, emphasizing a trade-off system.

    Benefits of Transformational Leadership

    • Positive impact at all levels of an organization.
    • Employees with transformational leaders experience:
      • Higher motivation.
      • Improved job performance.
      • Increased organizational commitment.

    Key Figures in Leadership Theory

    • Kurt Lewin: Identified three leadership styles.
    • Ralph Stogdill: Developer of the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire.
    • Rensis Likert: University of Michigan studies on leadership dimensions.
    • Robert Blake and Jane Mouton: Creators of the Managerial Grid.
    • R.J. House: Theory of charismatic leadership.
    • James MacGregor Burns: Defined the different meanings of charisma.

    Leadership Theories

    • Early leadership theories focused on trait theories which looked at qualities of leaders, and behavior theories which looked at leadership actions.
    • Trait theory identified that basic intelligence, clear and strong values, and high levels of personal energy were important for effective leadership.
    • Ghiselli's traits for effective leadership included: need for achievement, intelligence, decisiveness, self-confidence, initiative and supervisory ability.
    • Leadership behavior theory was explored by Kurt Lewin who focused on autocratic, democratic, and Laissez-faire leadership styles.
    • Lewin's study concluded that democratic leadership was more beneficial than autocratic or Laissez-faire.
    • Ohio State University studies developed the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire which explored two dimensions: initiating structure (task-oriented) and consideration (relationship-oriented).
    • University of Michigan Studies looked at two similar dimensions: Job-Centered (task-oriented) and Employee-Centered (relationship-oriented).

    The Managerial Grid

    • The Managerial Grid, by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, identified a real leader as having a high concern for both production and people.
    • The managerial grid identified five major leader styles:
      • Impoverished: low concern for production and people
      • Sweatshop: high concern for production but low concern for people
      • Country Club: high concern for people and low concern for task accomplishment
      • Status Quo: medium concern for production and people
      • Fully Functioning: high concern for both production and people.
    • Two additional styles were added: Paternalistic (high concern for production with rewards in exchange for compliance and loyalty), and Opportunistic (uses whichever style best promotes the manager's own advancement).

    Behavior Theory Applied

    • Margot Morrell, looking at Ernest Shackleton's Endurance expedition, identified key leadership lessons:
      • Leading by example
      • Communicating a vision
      • Keeping up morale
      • Maintaining a positive attitude

    Leadership Contingency Theory

    • Contingency Theory posits that the most appropriate leadership qualities and actions vary from situation to situation.
    • Leadership effectiveness depends on:
      • The Leader
      • Followers
      • Situational factors
    • Situational factors include:
      • The job being performed
      • The workplace culture
      • The task's urgency
    • A toxic triangle of:
      • A leader with charisma, narcissism, and a hateful ideology
      • Followers with bad values, unmet needs, and ambition
      • A situation of instability, perceived opportunity, and lack of checks and controls
    • A crisis can create followers who actively seek out a charismatic leader to fix their problems.
    • Some leaders may actively create crises to increase public acceptance of their vision, expand their actions, and increase follower effort.

    Transformational Leadership

    • Charismatic leaders possess an extraordinary ability to inspire and gain loyalty.
    • R.J. House's theory of charismatic leadership (1976) found that leaders are often:
      • Dominant
      • Ambitious
      • Self-confident
      • Have a strong sense of purpose
    • Charismatic leader behaviors include:
      • Serving as role models for desired beliefs and values
      • Demonstrating abilities that command respect
      • Having ideological goals with moral overtones
      • Communicating high expectations
      • Igniting follower motivation to act
    • Motivations of charismatic leaders can fall into three areas:
      • Power
      • Achievement
      • Affiliation
    • Transformational leadership describes leaders who use optimism, charm, intelligence, and other qualities to raise aspirations and transform individuals and organizations.
    • Transformational leaders focus on the potential relationship between the leader and the follower, engaging the full person of the follower.
    • Transactional leaders focus on exchanges between leaders and followers, emphasizing one thing for another.
    • Transformational leadership can positively impact all levels of an organization, leading to:
      • Higher levels of motivation
      • Improved job performance
      • Increased organizational commitment

    Example of Transformational Leadership

    • Vince Lombardi, a transformational leader, had clear values and goals, and instilled loyalty by:
      • Caring
      • Working hard
      • Knowing the right answers
      • Believing in himself and the players
      • Keeping high bars
      • Knowing people and how to motivate them.

    Leadership Theories

    • Early studies of leadership focused on trait and behavior theories.
    • Trait theory focuses on the qualities of a leader.
    • Behavior theory focuses on leadership actions.

    Trait Theory

    • Leaders posses certain physical and psychological characteristics.
    • Traits include basic intelligence, clear and strong values, high level of personal energy, need for achievement, intelligence, decisiveness, self-confidence, initiative and supervisory ability.

    Dimensions of Leadership

    • Two primary dimensions of leadership behavior: Task-Oriented and Relationship-Oriented.
    • Task-Oriented: Initiating Structure
    • Relationship-Oriented: Consideration

    Behavioral Leadership

    • Leaders have a strong impact on their followers' performance.
    • Autocratic leadership is characterized by tight control of group activities and decisions made by the leader.
    • Democratic leadership emphasizes group participation and majority rule.
    • Laissez-faire leadership involves low levels of any kind of activity by the leader.

    Ohio State University Studies on Leadership

    • Developed the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire.
    • Two dimensions: Initiating Structure (extent to which leaders define relationships with staff) and Consideration (extent to which leaders build trust, respect, support, and friendship with subordinates).

    University of Michigan Studies on Leadership

    • Identified similar dimensions: Job-Centered (same as Task-Oriented) and Employee-Centered (same as Relationship-Oriented).

    The Managerial Grid

    • Identifies five major styles: Impoverished, Sweatshop, Country Club, Status Quo, and Fully Functioning.
    • Impoverished: Low concern for production and people.
    • Sweatshop: High concern for production but low concern for people.
    • Country Club: High concern for people and low concern for task accomplishment.
    • Status Quo: Medium concern for both production and people.
    • Fully Functioning: High concern for both production and people.

    Managerial Grid Styles

    • Two additional styles: Paternalistic (high concern for production, uses rewards for compliance and loyalty) and Opportunistic (uses whichever style promotes managers' own advancement).

    Leadership Contingency Theory

    • Contingency theory posits that the most appropriate leadership qualities and actions vary depending on the situation.
    • Effectiveness is determined by the leader, followers, and situational factors.
    • Situational factors include the job being performed, the workplace culture, and the task's urgency.

    Destructive Leadership

    • A toxic triangle can occur with a charismatic leader who has narcissism and an ideology of hate, followers with bad values, unmet needs, and ambition, and a situation of instability, perceived opportunity, and lack of checks and controls.
    • Charisma can be used by leaders to fix problems or create a crisis that increases public acceptance of the leader’s vision and actions.

    Transformational Leadership

    • Charismatic leadership inspires others and fosters loyalty.
    • Characteristics include dominance, ambition, self-confidence, and a sense of purpose.
    • Behaviors include serving as role models, demonstrating abilities, having ideological goals, communicating high expectations, and igniting follower action.

    Transformational Leader Motives and Tasks

    • Focus on power, achievement, and affiliation.

    Charisma

    • Refers to a leader’s magical qualities, an emotional bond between the leader and followers, dependence on a powerful figure, assumptions that a leader is omniscient and virtuous, and widespread popular support.

    Transformational Leaders

    • Have the ability to raise aspirations and transform individuals and organizations.

    Transformational Leadership Effects

    • Can have a positive impact on motivation, job performance, and organizational commitment.

    Transformational and Transactional Leaders

    • Transformational leaders focus on the potential relationship between the leader and followers, engaging the full person of the follower.
    • Transactional leaders focus on exchanges between leaders and followers, emphasizing one thing for another.

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    Description

    Explore the foundational theories of leadership, including trait theory and behavior theory. This quiz delves into key characteristics of effective leaders and various leadership styles identified by prominent theorists. Test your understanding of how these theories shape leadership effectiveness.

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