Leadership - Chapter 12

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Questions and Answers

Within Fiedler's Contingency Model, consider a situation where task structuredness is ambiguous, leader-member relations are strained, and the leader's position power is weak. According to Fiedler, which leadership style, as measured by the Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) scale, is most likely to be effective?

  • A high-scoring LPC leader, leveraging interpersonal skills to improve relations.
  • Leadership effectiveness is entirely random in this scenario.
  • An ambidextrous leader, capable of shifting between task and relationship orientations with equal proficiency.
  • A low-scoring LPC leader, focusing on task completion to establish control. (correct)

In the context of IMPACT theory, if an organization's climate is characterized by widespread anxiety and apprehension, which leadership style would be most effective in navigating this environment?

  • An informational style leader, openly disseminating knowledge and insights to assuage fears and foster understanding.
  • A magnetic style leader, leveraging personal charisma to inspire confidence and resilience among employees.
  • A coercive style leader, utilizing strict control and punitive measures to swiftly address the underlying issues.
  • An affiliation style leader, emphasizing empathy, support, and interpersonal connection to alleviate concerns and foster a sense of security (correct)

Consider a scenario where a highly skilled and motivated team consistently exceeds expectations without direct supervision. According to Situational Leadership Theory, which leadership style would be most appropriate and effective in this context?

  • Coaching (R2)
  • Delegating (R4) (correct)
  • Directing (R1)
  • Supporting (R3)

Within the framework of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory, which of the following statements accurately differentiates in-group members from out-group members in terms of reciprocal influence, access to resources, and career advancement opportunities?

<p>In-group members experience a dyadic relationship with the leader characterized by high levels of trust and mutual support, resulting in preferential access to resources and accelerated career advancement, while out-group members encounter transactional interactions based on formal roles and responsibilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In comparing Theory X and Theory Y management styles, which statement best captures the nuanced differences in assumptions about employee motivation, control mechanisms, and organizational culture?

<p>Theory X assumes employees are inherently lazy and require coercion, control, and threats of punishment to achieve organizational objectives, leading to a highly autocratic and centralized organizational culture, whereas Theory Y assumes employees are self-directed, creative, and capable of exercising self-control, fostering a participative and empowering organizational culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within McClelland's Needs Theory, consider two individuals: one with a high need for achievement and another with a high need for affiliation. How might their leadership styles and decision-making processes differ in a high-pressure, time-sensitive project environment?

<p>The individual with a high need for achievement will set challenging goals, seek feedback, and focus on results, potentially overlooking interpersonal dynamics, while the individual with a high need for affiliation will prioritize harmonious relationships, team cohesion, and collaborative decision-making, potentially sacrificing speed and efficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Managerial Grid (Blake and Mouton), a leader who scores high on both concern for people and concern for production is considered a team leader. What long-term organizational outcomes are most likely to be fostered by this leadership style, as opposed to other styles on the grid?

<p>Team leaders cultivate a culture of trust, respect, and mutual commitment, which enhances employee engagement, innovation, and long-term organizational effectiveness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Authentic Leadership theory, what would be the most significant differentiator between a leader who practices authentic leadership and one who merely emulates the behaviors associated with transformational leadership, in terms of underlying motivations, ethical considerations, and long-term impact on organizational culture?

<p>Authentic leaders are transparent, self-aware, and driven by a genuine desire to serve others, fostering a culture of trust and ethical conduct, while transformational leaders may manipulate followers for personal gain, leading to a culture of distrust and ethical breaches. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a software development firm where project teams are self-managing and exhibit high levels of technical expertise, yet consistently fail to meet deadlines due to interpersonal conflicts and a lack of clear communication channels. According to Path-Goal Theory, which leadership style would be most effective in addressing these challenges?

<p>Instrumental Style (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Vroom-Yetton Model, a leader is faced with a decision that requires both high decision quality and high acceptance from the team, but there is limited time available due to a critical project deadline. Which decision-making approach would be most appropriate according to the model?

<p>AII (Autocratic II): The leader obtains information from team members, then makes the decision alone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where a senior executive, known for their charismatic personality and ability to inspire others, consistently makes unethical decisions that prioritize personal gain over the well-being of the organization and its stakeholders. Which type of power are they most likely wielding, and what are the potential long-term consequences of their actions?

<p>Referent power, leading to a culture of blind obedience and ethical compromise, which erodes trust, undermines organizational values, and increases the risk of legal and reputational damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Management by Walking Around (MBWA), what are the potential limitations and unintended consequences of a leader's increased visibility and interaction with employees, and how can these be mitigated to ensure the effectiveness of MBWA?

<p>MBWA can lead to micromanagement, a loss of strategic focus, and heightened anxiety among employees due to constant surveillance, which can be mitigated by establishing clear boundaries, empowering employees, and focusing on coaching and feedback rather than control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a merger between two organizations with vastly different organizational cultures: one characterized by a strong emphasis on innovation and risk-taking, and the other by a conservative, hierarchical structure. Which leadership approach would be most effective in integrating these cultures and fostering a unified, cohesive organization?

<p>Employing a transformational leadership style to create a shared vision, communicate the benefits of the merger, and foster a sense of collective identity and purpose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of leader emergence, what are the key distinctions between individuals who emerge as leaders due to inherent personality traits and those who rise to leadership positions through situational demands and acquired competencies?

<p>Trait-based leaders possess innate qualities that predispose them to leadership roles, while competency-based leaders develop skills and knowledge that enable them to excel in specific situations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a research and development team composed of highly specialized scientists working on a breakthrough technology. The team members are intrinsically motivated, possess deep technical expertise, and value autonomy in their work. Which leadership style would be most effective in fostering innovation and maximizing the team's potential?

<p>A laissez-faire leadership style to provide minimal guidance and allow the team to self-direct their activities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Ohio State Leadership Studies, how do the dimensions of 'consideration' and 'initiating structure' interact to influence employee outcomes such as job satisfaction, motivation, and performance, and what are the potential trade-offs between these dimensions?

<p>High consideration enhances employee satisfaction and motivation, while high initiating structure improves performance, but an overemphasis on one dimension may detract from the other, leading to potential trade-offs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where a new CEO is brought in to revitalize a struggling organization with a deeply entrenched culture of complacency and resistance to change. Which leadership approach would be most effective in breaking through this resistance and driving meaningful transformation?

<p>Employing a transformational leadership style to inspire a shared vision, challenge existing assumptions, and empower employees to embrace change. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the realm of leadership ethics, what are the potential pitfalls and unintended consequences of leaders who prioritize short-term gains and shareholder value over the long-term well-being of their employees, communities, and the environment?

<p>Leaders who prioritize short-term gains risk eroding trust, damaging relationships with stakeholders, and compromising the long-term sustainability of the organization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a software engineer who is an expert in multiple programming languages and software architectures, but lacks the formal authority to direct the work of others. According to the concept of 'leadership through power', which type of power does this individual possess, and how can they leverage this power to influence and guide their colleagues?

<p>Expert power, which can be used to influence colleagues through knowledge, competence, and credibility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key differences between transactional and transformational leadership styles in terms of their impact on organizational culture, employee motivation, and long-term strategic outcomes?

<p>Transactional leadership maintains the status quo through rewards and punishments, while transformational leadership inspires and empowers followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cross-cultural leadership, what are the potential challenges and ethical considerations that arise when leaders attempt to apply leadership styles and practices that are effective in one cultural context to another?

<p>Applying leadership styles from one cultural context to another can lead to misunderstandings, conflict, and ethical breaches if cultural differences are not carefully considered. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a technology startup with a flat organizational structure, a highly diverse workforce, and a rapidly evolving market environment. Which leadership style would be most appropriate in fostering innovation, adaptability, and inclusivity within this organization?

<p>A participative leadership style to empower employees, encourage collaboration, and foster a sense of shared ownership. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a highly structured and regulated manufacturing environment, which leadership style is most likely to ensure consistent product quality, adherence to safety protocols, and operational efficiency?

<p>A autocratic leadership approach that emphasizes top-down control and strict adherence to rules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A project team is composed of highly skilled professionals who are intrinsically motivated but struggle with interpersonal conflict and a lack of clear communication channels. Which leadership style would be most effective in improving team cohesion and facilitating effective communication?

<p>A relationship-oriented leadership style emphasizing empathy, trust, and open communication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an organization undergoing significant restructuring and downsizing, which leadership style is most likely to maintain employee morale and facilitate a smooth transition?

<p>A transformational leadership style that communicates a compelling vision and provides emotional support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While applying the Vroom-Yetton decision-making model, what critical factors must a leader consider to accurately assess the situation and choose the most appropriate decision-making style, especially concerning the trade-offs between decision quality, employee acceptance, and time constraints?

<p>Carefully weighing the importance of decision quality, the need for team acceptance, time constraints, and considering their interdependencies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering Fiedler's Contingency Model, what are the implications for leadership development and training, especially in creating adaptable leaders who can effectively manage diverse situations, given that leaders cannot easily change their inherent leadership style?

<p>Organizations should focus on structuring situations to fit the leader's style and enhancing their self-awareness to maximize effectiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory, what are the long-term organizational implications of creating significant differentiation between in-group and out-group members, particularly regarding team dynamics, employee morale, and fairness perceptions?

<p>Significant differentiation can lead to decreased morale and perceptions of inequity, undermining team dynamics and organizational culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of organizations that require constant innovation and adaptation, how can leaders effectively balance the need for stability and control with the need for creativity and autonomy?

<p>Adopting a dynamic equilibrium by fostering structured mechanisms for innovation and providing clear boundaries for autonomy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the real world, how might an 'Authentic Leader' practically balance their genuine desire to serve others with the pragmatic requirements of achieving organizational goals and maintaining personal well-being, and what specific ethical dilemmas might arise in this navigational process?

<p>By integrating ethical considerations and prioritizing transparency, balancing needs, handling confidentiality, and making calculated compromises. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Leader Emergence

States that certain types of people will become leaders, and certain types will not.

Affective Identity Motivation

Motivation to lead resulting from a desire to be in charge and lead others.

Noncalculative Motivation

Seeking leadership positions for personal gain.

Social-normative Motivation

Desire to lead out of a sense of duty or responsibility.

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Leader Performance

Proposes that certain types of people will be better leaders than others.

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Need for Power

Extent to which a person desires to control other people.

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Need for Achievement

Extent to which a person desires to be successful.

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Need for Affiliation

Extent to which a person desires to be around other people.

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Leadership Motive Pattern

Leadership having high need for power and affiliation, and a low need for achievement.

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Managerial Grid

Measure of leadership classifying leaders into five styles.

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Country Club Leaders

Leaders who act in a warm and supportive manner towards subordinates.

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Task-centered leaders

Leaders who define and structure roles to attain goals.

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Middle of the road leaders

Leaders with a balance between concern for people and task.

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Impoverished Leader

Leaders unconcerned with productivity or employee's well-being.

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Team leader

Leaders concerned with both productivity and well-being.

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Consideration

People-oriented leaders

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Initiating Structure

Extent to which leaders define and structure roles.

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Theory X Leaders

Leaders who see subordinates as extrinsically motivated.

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Theory Y Leaders

Person-oriented leaders.

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Fiedler's Contingency Model

Leadership effectiveness depends on interaction between leader and situation.

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Least Preferred Coworker Scale

Test to reveal leadership style and effectiveness.

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Low-scoring LPC leaders

Tend to be task-oriented.

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High-scoring LPC leaders

Tend to be person oriented.

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Task Structuredness

The extent to which the tasks have clear goals and problems.

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Leader-Position Power

Extent to which a leader can reward and punish.

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Leader-Member Relations

Extent to which subordinates like a leader.

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Leader Match

Training to change situations to match leadership styles.

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IMPACT Theory

There are six leadership styles effective in six organizational climates.

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Informational style

Climate of ignorance, important information is not available.

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Magnetic Style

Climate of despair characterized by low morale.

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Position Style

Climate of instability where people are unsure what to do.

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Affiliation Style

Climate of anxiety where worry predominates.

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Coercive Style

Climate of Crisis characterized by extreme consequences.

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Tactical Style

Climate of disorganization. the organization has resources but doesn't know how to use them efficiently.

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Path-Goal Theory

Effective leaders help subordinates achieve their goals.

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Instrumental Style

A leader plans and organizes the activities of the employees

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Supportive Style

A leader shows concern for their employees

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Participative Style

A leader allows employee to participate in decision making

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Achievement Oriented Style

A leader sets challenging goals and rewards achievement

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Situational Leadership Theory

Effective leaders adapt their style to fit the situation and followers.

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Study Notes

  • These are study notes for Chapter 12, which is focused on leadership

Leader Emergence

  • States that certain people will become leaders and other types will not
  • Part of trait theory

3 Factors of Leader Motivation

  • Affective Identity: Motivation to lead is a result of wanting to be in charge
  • Noncalculative: Seeking to be in leadership because it results in personal gain
  • Social-normative: Wanting to lead out of a sense of duty/responsibility

Leader Performance

  • Postulates certain types of people are better leaders than others
  • Part of trait theory

McClelland's Needs Theory

  • Need for Power: Desire to be in control of other people
  • Need for Achievement: Desire to be successful
  • Need for Affiliation: Desire to be around other people

Leadership Motive Pattern

  • Leaders have a high need for power and affiliation, and a low need for achievement

Managerial Grid (Blake and Mouton)

  • Classifies leaders into five styles

5 Leadership Styles

  • Country Club Leaders act warm/supportive, showing concern for subordinates
  • Task-centered Leaders define/structure their roles and their subordinates' roles to attain goals
  • Middle of the Road Leaders: Balance orientation between people and task
  • Impoverished Leader is not concerned with productivity or employee well-being
  • Team Leader is concerned with both productivity AND employee well-being

Ohio-State Theory

  • Consideration: People-oriented leaders
  • Initiating Structure: Leaders defining/structuring their roles and their subordinates' roles

Theory X

  • Theory X leaders see subordinates as extrinsically motivated.
  • Theory X leaders lead by giving directions and setting goals

Theory Y

  • Theory Y leaders are person-oriented

Fred Fiedler’s Contingency Model

  • States that leadership effectiveness depends on the interaction between leader and the situation
  • A Least Preferred Coworker Scale is used in conjunction with the model to reveal leadership style/effectiveness
  • Low-scoring LPC leaders tend to be task-oriented
  • High-scoring LPC leaders tend to be person-oriented

Three Factors Determining Favorability of Situation

  • Task Structuredness: Extent to which tasks have clear goals/problems to solve
  • Leader-Position Power: Extent to which a leader can reward/punish subordinates, by nature of their position
  • Leader-Member Relations: Extent to which subordinates LIKE a leader

Leader Match

  • Training program that teaches leaders to change situations to match their leadership styles

IMPACT Theory

  • Six leadership styles exist, and each is effective in one of six organizational climates

Informational Style

  • Climate of Ignorance
  • Informational style leaders lead through knowledge/info
  • Climate of Ignorance exists where important info is not available

Magnetic Style

  • Climate of Despair
  • Magnetic style leaders have influence because of charismatic personality
  • Climate of Despair is characterized by low morale/hopelessness

Position Style

  • Climate of Instability
  • Position style leaders influence others by virtue of appointed/elected authority
  • Climate of Instability exists where people are unsure what to do

Affiliation Style

  • Climate of Anxiety
  • Affiliation style leaders lead by caring about others
  • Climate of Anxiety exists where worry predominates

Coercive Style

  • Climate of Crisis
  • Coercive style leaders lead by controlling rewards/punishments
  • Climate of Crisis exists during a critical time, and the outcome to a decision has extreme consequences

Tactical Style

  • Climate of Disorganization
  • Tactical style leaders lead through organization and strategy
  • Climate of Disorganization exists where the organization has resources/knowledge, but doesn't know how to efficiently use them

Path-Goal Theory (by House)

  • Leaders are effective if their behavior helps subordinates achieve their goals

Instrumental Style

  • Leaders plan/organize activities of employees

Supportive Style

  • Leaders shows concern for their employees

Participative Style

  • Leaders allow employees to participate in decision-making

Achievement-Oriented Style

  • Leaders set goals and rewards achievement

Situational Leadership Theory

  • States effective leaders adapt their style of leadership to fit the situation and the followers

Four Approaches

  • R1 (Directing) is for unable/unwilling employees
  • R2 (Coaching) is for unable but willing employees
  • R3 (Supporting) is for able but unwilling employees
  • R4 (Delegating) is for able/willing employees

Leader-Member Exchange Theory (Graen & Haga)

  • Formerly Vertical Dyad Linkage
  • Focuses on interaction between leaders/subordinates
  • Presence of in-group/out-group members
  • In-group has high-quality relationship with leader
  • Out-group has low-quality relationship with leader

Vroom-Yetton Model

  • Theory to help leaders choose how to make a decision
  • Offers a flowchart to guide leaders' decision-making process

Management by Walking Around

  • Leaders/supervisors are most effective when out of their offices, meeting with employees/customers about needs/progress

Leadership Through Power

  • Five basic types of power

Expert Power

  • Power through knowledge

Legitimate Power

  • Power because of elected/appointed position

Reward and Coercive Power

  • Extent of leaders' ability/authority to provide rewards and the capacity to punish others

Referent Power

  • Exists when followers identify with a leader/the leader's goals

Transactional Leadership

  • Leaders focus on task-oriented behaviors

Transformational Leadership

  • Visionary leadership that changes the nature/goals of an organization

Authentic Leadership

  • Leaders are honest and open and lead out of a desire to serve others (not for self-gain)

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