Leadership and Management Basics

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Questions and Answers

What does self-assessment typically become as one gains status and power?

More transparent

Less accurate (correct)

More accurate

More objective

What does overconfidence bias lead to?

Improved decision-making

Enhanced emotional control

Objective assessments

Inaccurate decisions (correct)

Which of the following best describes emotional self-control?

The ability to ignore emotions completely

Allowing stress to overwhelm decision-making

Keeping disruptive emotions and impulses in check (correct)

Expressing emotions openly and freely

What does corporate social responsibility (CSR) encompass?

Economic, legal, ethical, discretionary, and environmental responsibilities Signup and view all the answers

What is a stakeholder in the context of a business?

A party with interest in a company who can affect or be affected by it Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the democratic leadership style?

Involves employees in decision making Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is coercive leadership style most effective?

In emergency situations Signup and view all the answers

What do contingency theories of leadership emphasize?

The importance of context in selecting leadership style Signup and view all the answers

What leadership style is characterized by the phrase 'Come with me'?

Authoritative leadership Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style is best suited for healing 'broken' organizations?

Affiliative leadership Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of behavioral theories of leadership?

They fail to consistently link behavior to work outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style aims primarily at developing employees for the future?

Coaching leadership Signup and view all the answers

What does the pacesetting leadership style prioritize?

Setting high-performance standards Signup and view all the answers

What is emotional contagion?

The tendency to influence and adopt emotions from others. Signup and view all the answers

How many positive emotions are generally needed to counteract one negative emotion due to negativity bias?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What role does a leader play in the emotional state of their team?

Leaders are key referents whose emotions directly influence their team. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of emotional intelligence?

Manipulating others' emotions for personal gain Signup and view all the answers

What is a major outcome of effective emotional intelligence in leadership?

Enhanced motivation and inspiration within the team. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Bad is stronger than good' imply in the context of emotions?

Negative experiences have a greater impact than positive ones. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the intuitive aspect of emotional contagion?

An automatic and uncontrollable emotional response. Signup and view all the answers

What do great leaders primarily use to influence others?

Emotional connections and inspiration. Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of organizational dishonesty among employees?

High worker turnover, particularly among honest employees Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the Volkswagen emissions fraud?

Increased consumer trust Signup and view all the answers

According to the Stakeholder Model, what is a priority for organizations?

Satisfying the interests of various corporate stakeholders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is unlikely to improve due to organizational dishonesty?

Atmosphere of trust Signup and view all the answers

What did Milton Friedman advocate regarding corporate social responsibility?

Maximize profits while engaging in fair competition Signup and view all the answers

What does self-serving attribution emphasize in relation to personal success and failure?

Take credit for successes and blame failures on external causes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the fundamental attribution error?

Overestimating personality traits while underestimating situational influences. Signup and view all the answers

How does the belief in a just world influence perception of individuals in society?

It rationalizes inequalities by suggesting that individuals deserve their circumstances. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of hierarchies in social structures?

They provide access to resources and power based on rank. Signup and view all the answers

How do ordinary privileges manifest in daily life?

They are dependent on one's societal context and identity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical first step in communicating with underrepresented groups within organizations?

Build relationships to establish trust before soliciting input. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of informal structures in an organization?

They provide insight into who holds influence and recognition in the workplace. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for organizations to collect data regarding diversity efforts?

To measure progress and show evidence of improvements. Signup and view all the answers

What does Goleman's research suggest about effective leadership?

Flexibility in leadership styles is key to addressing situational needs. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of leadership does Goleman emphasize in relation to emotional intelligence?

Understanding team needs leads to effective leadership. Signup and view all the answers

What is a vital action for organizations committed to diversity initiatives?

Empower individuals involved in diversity work through recognition and resources. Signup and view all the answers

What does effective leadership require in terms of style management?

An understanding of when to apply various styles based on context. Signup and view all the answers

How can leaders enhance their emotional intelligence according to the key takeaways?

Through practice and commitment to personal development. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Leadership

Leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and facilitating individual and collective efforts to achieve shared objectives (Yukl, 2010, p.8).
Leadership produces change and movement, while management produces order and consistency.

Leadership vs. Management

Leadership:
- Establishes direction: Creates a vision, clarifies the big picture, sets strategies.
- Aligns people: Communicates goals, seeks commitment, builds teams & alliances.
- Motivates & inspires: Energizes, empowers subordinates.
Management:
- Planning & budgeting: Establishes agendas, sets timetables, allocates resources.
- Organizing and staffing: Provides structure, makes job placements, establishes rules.
- Controlling and problem solving: Develops incentives, generates solutions, takes corrective action.

Trait "Great Man" Theory

Early leadership research posited that great leaders are born, not made, possessing innate traits.
Suggested traits include intelligence, ambition, passion, physical appearance, desire to lead, and self-confidence.
Limitations: Researchers have not developed a universally agreed-upon list and the traits are often vague and unclear. The theory doesn't account for situational factors.

Behavioral Theories of Leadership

Leaders exhibit specific behavior patterns that can be identified.
Effective leadership can be learned and practiced.
Leaders could be trained to exhibit desired behaviors and build positive relationships with their followers.

1) Ohio State University Studies

Initiating Structure: Defining roles, explaining expectations, structuring work, implementing rules.
Consideration: Focus on people's welfare, developing relationships, trust, respect.

2) University of Michigan Studies

Production-oriented: Emphasizes task aspects of the job, focusing on accomplishing group tasks.
Employee-oriented: Emphasizes interpersonal relations, taking a personal interest in employees, accepting individual differences.

3) University of Iowa Studies (Kurt Lewin)

Autocratic: Authoritarian, controlling, limits employee participation.
Democratic: Involves employees in decision-making, delegates authority, and provides feedback.
Laissez-faire: Leaves all decisions and control to the group.

Contingency Theories of Leadership

Effective leadership style depends on the specific situation and circumstances.
Leaders should adapt their style to match follower characteristics, organizational context, and environmental factors.

Leadership Styles

Coercive: Demands immediate compliance (Do what I say). Effective in emergencies, but often harmful to morale if overused.
Authoritative: Mobilizes people toward a vision; good leadership, fosters clarity, motivation, and flexibility.
Affiliative: Focuses on emotional bonds and harmony; used to heal rifts or boost morale. Works best when used with other styles.
Democratic: Builds consensus and participation; good for seeking input, but slow.
Pacesetting: Sets high standards for performance (Do as I do); best for competent teams, and good for quick results.
Coaching: Develops people for the future (Try this); best for improving skills.

Emotional Intelligence

Contagious Emotions: Emotions spread from person to person. Leaders' emotions have a powerful impact on others.
Negative Bias: Negative experiences and emotions have a stronger impact than positive ones.
Emotional Intelligence: The capacity to recognize emotions in oneself and others to manage them effectively, and use emotional information to motivate and guide oneself and others.

Foundations of Emotional Intelligence

Emotional Self-Awareness: Knowing one's emotions, strengths, weaknesses, drives, values and goals, along with their impact on others. Crucial for effective leadership.
Emotional Self-Control: Controlling disruptive emotions and impulses to maintain effectiveness, especially in difficult situations.
Overconfidence Bias: The subjective confidence in one's decision being higher than its objective accuracy. Can lead to poor decision making.

The set of moral principles and values that defines right and wrong.
Ethical behavior conforms to societal moral principles - unethical acts are not necessarily illegal.
Organizations have economic, legal, ethical, discretionary and environmental obligations to society and stakeholders (Carroll, 1979).

Diversity and Inclusion

Diversity represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities among people.
Homogeneity: Homogenous (similar); advantages are similarity breeds liking, high cohesion, low start-up costs, easier to reach agreement. Disadvantages include narrow perspectives, low motivation to change, or learn.
Heterogeneity: Heterogeneous (dissimilar); advantages include richer pool of information, more learning, more complex representations, creativity, innovation, more specialization. Disadvantages include higher start-up costs, conflict, disagreement, too much complexity, and risk of marginalization.

Obstacles to Effective Diversity Management

Social Identity Groups: Based on physical, social, mental characteristics.
Social Identity Theory: Sense of self-esteem is tied to the groups we belong to. Groups provide a sense of belonging.
Intergroup Bias: The tendency to perceive in-group members positively, and out-group members negatively.
Attributional Biases: Systematic errors in perceiving characteristics of individuals.
Hierarchy: An ordered ranking of people, groups or things. Higher status comes with more resources and power. It can lead to inequalities, and unequally distributing privileges and opportunities.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of leadership and management in this quiz. Learn how leadership differs from management, including traits and functions that define effective leadership. Test your knowledge on the theoretical underpinnings of these essential skills.