Leadership and Governance in Health

<p>Utilizing direct observation of treatment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contributing to primary healthcare strengthening. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focusing on overall health system improvement at the primary care level. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reflects the core components of the Stop-TB strategy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The selection of cost-effective medicines with open, competitive bidding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Financial viability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effective implementation of rules and procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The availability of essential medicines in health facilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because outcome-based indicators are discussed in other sections of the handbook. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Usefulness and relevance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Designing policy recommendations for optimal health system performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expert analysis of administrative records and reviews of national health policies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>National health strategies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance civil engagement and demand-side accountability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Private sector drug manufacturing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the level of transparency and potential for corruption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Budget documents, annual performance reviews and health indicators. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corruption in pharmaceutical sector systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To gather information on the quality and responsiveness of health services. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve the quality and integrity of public services. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing public awareness regarding healthy diets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sum of the scores of 10 governance indicators. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure timely and appropriate access to health services. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of medicines procurement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of essential medicines in facilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Stop-TB Strategy and the Global Plan to Stop TB 2006-2015 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procurement processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mislabeling of drugs with respect to their identity or source. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The correct ingredients but fake packaging. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prevalence of counterfeiting, which can affect either category. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Products with correct ingredients in substandard packaging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storage of purchased products. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To inaccurately represent the drug's identity or source. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lacking the necessary active ingredients entirely. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing guidance for national policy-makers and partners in public health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improving performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implementing strategies focusing on building on and enhancing DOTS programs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using indicators to measure country pharmaceutical situations: fact book on WHO Level I and Level II monitoring indicators. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Placing countries at the core of its strategy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aggregating governance indicators. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Construction of core indicators for reporting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concept of stewardship in health policy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Formal procedures, ownership arrangements, decentralization, stakeholder participation, and contextual factors that guide how a health system operates.

How well rules and procedures are enforced and implemented, based on stakeholder experience.

Indicators that measure the effectiveness of healthcare governance. Example: Availability of essential medicines in health facilities.

Indicators that measure the presence of rules, regulations, and policies related to healthcare governance. Example: Legal documents outlining health sector financing.

Legal documents, national health policies, budget documents, and regulations relevant to healthcare management and financing.

Expert analysis and review of administrative records, national policies, and legal documents to understand healthcare governance.

Facility surveys, public expenditure reviews, and client assessments used to measure the real-world impact of healthcare governance.

Governance indicators should not be used alone to address health system problems. Consider a broader context.

A set of practices that aim to reduce corruption and promote transparency in the procurement of medicines. This includes policies specifying cost-effective medicines, open bidding for suppliers, and quality product assurance.

A national plan that outlines strategies to combat tuberculosis (TB), including measures to implement the Stop-TB strategy's six key components.

A comprehensive strategy with six key components for addressing tuberculosis (TB) globally, promoting effective treatment and control.

A treatment program for TB patients, focusing on directly observed treatment short-course, ensuring regular medication intake and monitoring.

A type of tuberculosis (TB) that is resistant to multiple drugs, making treatment more difficult.

The simultaneous presence of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV infection, increasing the severity of both diseases.

A national plan for TB control must incorporate the Stop-TB strategy's principles of enhancing DOTS, addressing TB-HIV and MDR-TB, strengthening health systems, engaging healthcare providers, empowering patients and communities, and promoting research.

Procurement of medicines can be susceptible to corruption, involving issues in inventory management, bidding processes, resource allocation, and quality control. Open bidding, good technical specifications, and transparent procedures are crucial to mitigate this risk.

Surveys that gather feedback from patients about their experiences with healthcare services.

They provide insights into the effectiveness and responsiveness of healthcare delivery.

They assess if medical facilities have the necessary resources, like essential medications.

They examine the processes of healthcare delivery, such as waiting times and adherence to treatment protocols.

They measure the outcomes of healthcare interventions, focusing on improvements in health and reductions in illness and death.

They indicate whether healthcare systems respond effectively to patient needs and satisfaction.

A policy that outlines the steps and goals for preventing and controlling tuberculosis.

A policy that outlines the steps and goals for controlling malaria.

A formal document outlining strategies for ensuring healthy pregnancies and childbirth, aligned with international guidelines.

A plan that outlines the steps for ensuring all children receive necessary vaccines within a defined timeframe.

Formal documents like annual reports, budgets, or health data publications that transparently share information about health system performance.

Methods like surveys or feedback sessions that allow people to share their experiences with health services and help improve them.

Deliberate and fraudulent mislabeling of drugs with incorrect identity, source, or ingredients.

The process of buying drugs, including managing inventory, holding public bids, analyzing offers, allocating resources, making payments, receiving drugs, and ensuring quality.

When someone abuses their power in procurement to gain personal benefit, often by manipulating the process or falsifying information.

Using deception or trickery to gain something of value in the drug procurement process, often by creating fake documents or identities.

Counterfeit drugs can contain wrong ingredients, no active ingredients, or insufficient amounts of the active ingredient.

Counterfeit drugs can be made to look like branded or generic products, making them difficult to spot.

The issue of counterfeit drugs is serious, as people may be unknowingly taking ineffective or harmful medications.

Counterfeit drugs present a significant challenge to public health and safety, as they undermine trust in the pharmaceutical system.