NR 610 Exam #1

Lead Poisoning and Health Assessment

• Blood lead level of 5 µg/dL or higher is indicative of lead poisoning in children.
• Values outside the normal range for a healthy 10-year-old like Rachel may include abnormal blood pressure, cholesterol, or blood glucose readings.

Medication Dosing and Adherence

• Inappropriate dosing of therapeutic agents in children can result from weight miscalculations, lack of standardization, or underestimating developmental differences.
• Liquid formulations are more likely to improve adherence in children due to easier administration and better taste options.

Developmental Milestones and Exam Comfort

• Gathering information about a child’s developmental milestones involves evaluating skills in motor function and language development.
• Discomfort during a physical exam in toddlers may be increased by factors such as fear of strangers or being restrained.

Dermatological and Pain Assessment in Newborns

• Macular bluish pigmentation on the lower back of newborns is referred to as "Mongolian spots."
• The FLACC scale for pain assessment in infants has been validated both in primary pediatrics and intensive care settings.

Motor Development and Sensory Development

• Signs of healthy motor development in infants include rolling over, sitting unsupported, and crawling.
• The sense of hearing is the first to develop in infants and is acute by the time of birth.

Developmental Indicators and Reflexes

• Delays in social interaction or communication are potential indicators of developmental issues in a 3-year-old.
• The Parachute reflex is exhibited by toddlers when they sense a fall.

Visual Acuity and Body Image

• Average visual acuity in a 5-year-old child is approximately 20/30.
• Negative body image during school age can lead to issues such as low self-esteem or eating disorders.

Nutritional Intake and Tanner Stages

• The average daily recommended fat intake for a school-age child is 25-35% of total daily calories.
• Tanner stages are used to assess sexual maturation during puberty.

Puberty Development

• The first sign of puberty in males typically includes testicular enlargement.
• The typical order of pubertal development in females starts with breast development, followed by pubic hair and then menarche.

Adolescent Screening and Health Concerns

• Recommended screening methods in primary care for adolescents include the PHQ-9 for risk of depression and suicidal ideation.
• Concerns in newborns may arise from findings like abnormal reflexes or jaundice that lasts beyond a typical duration.

Strabismus and Eye Disorders

• The main cause of strabismus in children is often muscle imbalance or neurological issues.
• Chalazion is characterized by a painless, granulomatous inflammation of the meibomian gland, while nasolacrimal duct obstruction leads to excessive tearing.

Ear Disorders and Other Health Conditions

• Common infectious and inflammatory disorders affecting children’s ears include otitis media and swimmer’s ear.
• Symptoms of herpangina typically include fever, sore throat, and vesicular lesions in the mouth.

Dental Treatment and Cancer Considerations

• Appropriate treatment for a 2-year-old with dental decay may involve fluoride varnish and dietary counseling.
• Common symptoms associated with kidney tumors in children may include flank pain, palpable mass, or hematuria.

Iron Deficiency and Parental Guidance

• Common symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia in children include fatigue, pallor, and irritability.
• Providing advice on feeding positions or timing may not reduce spitting-up in infants effectively, but rather may focus on smaller, more frequent feedings.