Lead-Acid Battery Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor in determining the economic viability of recycling specific metals?

  • Recycling efficiency
  • Global economic conditions
  • Type of metal being recycled
  • Local economic conditions (correct)

    • What does the recovery rate refer to?

  • The total amount of material available for reuse
  • The volume of material recovered from a waste stream (correct)
  • The volume of material marketed for recycling
  • The volume of material rejected during processing

    • How is recycling rate often defined?

  • The volume of material recovered from a waste stream divided by the amount of material in the generated waste
  • The total amount of material available for reuse divided by the volume of waste generated
  • The volume of material marketed for recycling divided by the volume of material in the generated waste
  • The volume of material collected for recycling divided by the volume of waste generated (correct)

    • What is the most rigorous way to measure recycling indicators?

    <p>Dynamically simulating the material cycles in all its complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is affected by material losses during the recycling process?

    <p>The total amount of material available for reuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recycling efficiency defined as?

    <p>The output of the recycling process divided by the input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to calculate recycling rate?

    <p>Volume of material marketed for recycling divided by the volume of waste generated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of scrap melted during the recycling process?

    <p>Output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of flotation?

    <p>Manipulating the apparent free surface energy with reagents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of materials are not amenable to magnetic separation?

    <p>Diamagnetic materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of reagents in flotation?

    <p>To manipulate the apparent free surface energy of particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who invented the lead-acid battery in 1859?

    <p>Gaston Plante´</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of magnetic separation?

    <p>Separating particles based on their magnetic susceptibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of high voltage corona charging in electrostatic separation?

    <p>To charge particles for electrostatic separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding lead alloys to grid plates?

    <p>To minimize the hydrogen evolution reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are separators often arranged in cascades in electrostatic separation?

    <p>To improve the efficiency of separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anodic reaction in a lead-acid battery?

    <p>Pb + HSO4- → PbSO4 + H+ + 2e-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of materials can be separated using electrostatic separation?

    <p>Millimeter size and finer feeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of sulfuric acid in a lead-acid battery?

    <p>10 – 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for the feed in electrostatic separation?

    <p>The feed must be dry and dust-free</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of lead (alloy) components in a lead-acid battery?

    <p>25 – 30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of iridium crucibles?

    <p>Fostering high-purity single crystals in electronics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cathodic reaction in a lead-acid battery?

    <p>PbO2 + H+ + HSO4- + 2e- → PbSO4 + 2H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of Pt and Ru?

    <p>In computer hard discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of devices are directly treated in the integrated copper and PM smelter-refinery operations?

    <p>Mobile phones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Fe is present in the PWB-containing fractions?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the organic compounds in the feed material?

    <p>Used as reducing agents and converted to energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of Cu present in the PWB-containing fractions?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of copper in the integrated copper and PM smelter-refinery operations?

    <p>Act as a PM collector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the PWB-containing fractions mixed with before being treated in the integrated copper and PM smelter-refinery operations?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of indium is used in flat-panel display devices?

    <p>74%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is not mentioned as a major user of indium tin oxide?

    <p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another use of indium besides flat-panel display devices?

    <p>Surface coating of optical lenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is tellurium used in solar cells?

    <p>In cadmium-tellurium-based solar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of tellurium is used in thermo-electrics?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bismuth telluride used in?

    <p>Cooling devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process used to refine indium?

    <p>Electrolytic refining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the process used to refine indium?

    <p>Hydrometallurgical process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Recycling Indicators

    • Recovery rate refers to the volume of material recovered from a waste stream, and is often defined as the volume of material recovered from a waste stream divided by the amount of material in the generated waste.
    • Recycling rate refers to the volume of material collected for recycling, generally including any material rejected during processing, divided by the volume (weight) of waste generated.
    • Recycling efficiency is the total amount of material available for reuse affected by any material losses during the recycling process itself.

    Magnetic Separations

    • Magnetic separation is based on the difference in magnetic susceptibility.
    • Diamagnetic materials have a small negative susceptibility and cannot be separated by magnetic separation.
    • Paramagnetic materials have a small positive susceptibility and can be separated from diamagnetic matrix by high field intensity.

    Electrostatic Separations

    • Electrostatic separation uses electric conductivity for separation.
    • Particles can be charged by high voltage corona charging or by letting them pass by charged plates (anode).
    • Suitable for millimeter size and finer feeds, and is often arranged in cascades.

    Lead-Acid Battery

    • Invented in 1859 by Gaston Plante and is widely used as a stationary battery and the Starting-Lighting-Ignition (SLI)-type battery.
    • Grid plates are produced from lead alloys to improve mechanical strength, creep resistance, castability, and minimizing the hydrogen evolution reaction.
    • The reaction at the anode is Pb + HSO4- → PbSO4 + H+ + 2e-, and at the cathode is PbO2 + H+ + HSO4- + 2e- → PbSO4 + 2H2O.

    Lead-Acid Battery Composition

    • Lead (alloy) components (grid, poles, …): 25-30%
    • Electrode paste (fine particles of PbO2 and PbSO4): 35-50%
    • Sulfuric acid (10-20% H2SO4): 10-20%
    • Polypropylene: 5-8%
    • Other plastics (PVC, PE, etc.,): 4-7%
    • Ebonite: 1-3%
    • Other materials (glass, etc.,): <1%

    Applications

    • Electric/electronics: computer hard discs (Pt, Ru), iridium crucibles for high-purity single crystals.
    • Printed wiring boards (PWBs) or PWB-containing fractions, processors, connectors, and small electronic devices like mobile phones.

    Umicore’s PM-integrated Smelter-Refinery Facility

    • Treats printed wiring boards (PWBs) or PWB-containing fractions, processors, connectors, and small electronic devices like mobile phones.
    • Contains approximately up to 350 ppm Au, 1500 ppm Ag, and 200 ppm Pd, together with other metals like Cu, Pb, Ni, Fe, Al, Sn.

    Indium

    • Applications:
      • Flat-panel display devices: 74%
      • Architectural glass: 10%
      • Solders (temperature indicators in fire-control systems): 10%
      • Surface coating of optical lenses, bonding agents between nonmetallic materials and for dental: 3%
      • Other (semiconductor for laser diodes or indium in nuclear reactor control rods): 3%

    Tellurium

    • Applications:
      • Cadmium-tellurium-based solar cells: 40%
      • Thermo-electrics (semiconducting, bismuth telluride used in cooling devices): 30%

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    Description

    Learn about the invention and working of lead-acid batteries, widely used as stationary and SLI-type batteries. Understand how grid plates are produced from lead alloys.

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