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Syllogism
Syllogism
A type of logical reasoning that involves analyzing a set of statements and drawing conclusions based on those statements.
Parts of a Syllogism
Parts of a Syllogism
A syllogism consists of three parts: a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. The major premise is a general statement. The minor premise is a specific statement that relates to the major premise. The conclusion is a statement that is logically derived from the major and minor premises.
Cause and Effect Relationship
Cause and Effect Relationship
A relationship between two entities, where one entity directly affects the other. For example, if a dog bites a person, the dog is the cause, and the person being bitten is the effect.
Simile Analogy
Simile Analogy
A type of analogy where two things are compared based on their similarities. For example, "The sun is like a giant ball of fire." The sun and a giant ball of fire share the property of emitting heat and light.
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Metaphor Analogy
Metaphor Analogy
A type of analogy where two things are compared by stating that one thing is the other. For example, "My friend is a walking encyclopedia." This means that the friend has a vast amount of knowledge, just like an encyclopedia.
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Principles
Principles
A set of rules or principles that govern the operation or functioning of something. For example, the rules of grammar govern how words are arranged in a sentence.
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Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
A type of logical reasoning that starts with a general statement and then applies that statement to a specific case. For example, if all birds can fly, then a robin can fly.
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Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
A type of logical reasoning that starts with specific observations and then draws a general conclusion based on those observations. For example, if you see several robins flying, you might conclude that all birds can fly.
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Argumentation
Argumentation
A type of reasoning that involves evaluating the validity of an argument. This involves identifying the premises and conclusion of the argument, and then determining whether the conclusion logically follows from the premises.
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Premise
Premise
A statement that is accepted as true without proof. It is often used as a starting point for deductive reasoning.
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Conclusion
Conclusion
A conclusion that is logically derived from the premises of an argument.
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Assumption Analysis
Assumption Analysis
A type of critical thinking that involves identifying and evaluating the assumptions underlying an argument.
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Fallacy
Fallacy
A type of logical fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument is based on an assumption that has not been proven.
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Irrelevant Conclusion
Irrelevant Conclusion
A type of fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument is based on an assumption that is not relevant to the conclusion.
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Appeal to Popularity
Appeal to Popularity
A type of fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument is based on the assumption that something is true simply because it is popular.
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Appeal to Tradition
Appeal to Tradition
A type of fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument is based on the assumption that something is true simply because it has been around for a long time.
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Appeal to Force
Appeal to Force
A type of fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument is based on threats or intimidation.
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Ad Hominem
Ad Hominem
An argument that attacks the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself.
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Straw Man
Straw Man
An argument that uses a straw man, which is a distorted or exaggerated version of an opponent's argument, in order to make it easier to attack.
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Correlation vs. Causation
Correlation vs. Causation
A type of fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument is based on the assumption that two things are related simply because they happen at the same time.
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Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking
The ability to form connections between different ideas or concepts.
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Analysis
Analysis
A process of questioning and exploring information to determine its validity and reliability.
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Evaluation
Evaluation
A process of forming judgments or opinions about something based on evidence and reasoning.
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Interpretation
Interpretation
A process of identifying the underlying assumptions or principles that support an argument.
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Synthesis
Synthesis
A process of creating new solutions or ideas based on existing information.
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Argument from Evidence
Argument from Evidence
A type of argument that uses evidence to support a claim about the past, present, or future.
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Argument from Logic
Argument from Logic
A type of argument that uses logic and reasoning to support a claim. This type of argument does not rely on evidence.
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Argument from Emotion
Argument from Emotion
A type of argument that appeals to emotions or values. This type of argument does not necessarily rely on evidence or logic.
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Argument from Authority
Argument from Authority
A type of argument that appeals to the authority of a person or group. This type of argument does not necessarily rely on evidence or logic.
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Reasoning and Argumentation
Reasoning and Argumentation
The process of understanding and applying logical reasoning and critical thinking skills to analyze and evaluate information effectively. This includes identifying and evaluating assumptions, identifying fallacies, and constructing sound arguments.
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Critical Thinking Skills
Critical Thinking Skills
The ability to think clearly and rationally, to identify and solve problems, and to make informed decisions. This includes the ability to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and synthesize new ideas.
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Education in the Christian Era
Education in the Christian Era
Controlled by the Church and its priests during the Christian Era.
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Education during the Renaissance
Education during the Renaissance
Became more secular and controlled by princes during the Renaissance.
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Monarchy Control of Education
Monarchy Control of Education
Preached the infallibility of the monarch, meaning the king could do no wrong.
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Education during the Industrial Revolution
Education during the Industrial Revolution
Became accessible to the newly wealthy merchant class during the Industrial Revolution.
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Laissez Faire
Laissez Faire
A philosophy emphasizing individual freedom in the economic field, with limited government intervention.
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