Layered Architecture Communication

What is the primary purpose of an election algorithm in a distributed system?

Restarting all processes in the distributed system
Determining the number of active processes
Sending messages to all processes in the system
Electing a new coordinator if the current one crashes (correct)

In the Bully Algorithm, what action does a process take if no responses are received after sending election messages to higher priority processes?

Sends messages to lower priority processes
Continues to wait indefinitely
Elects itself as the new coordinator (correct)
Shuts down and restarts

What is a critical assumption made by the election algorithm for selecting a new coordinator?

Every process in the system has a unique priority number (correct)
Coordinators are interchangeable
Multiple processes can act as coordinators simultaneously
Messages are only sent within a local network

In the Bully Algorithm, what triggers the election process to begin?

No response from the coordinator to a message within a time interval (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a process receives a message within time T from another process with a higher priority number in the Bully Algorithm?

It waits for another message to confirm the new coordinator (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of receiving a response from a higher priority process in the election process using the Bully Algorithm?

The process waits for a further confirmation message (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the criteria used to evaluate a detection scheme for deadlocks in distributed systems?

Detect a deadlock in a finite amount of time (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is a global snapshot protocol initiated in a distributed system to detect deadlocks?

By constructing a local WFG at each site (C) Signup and view all the answers

In a distributed system, what indicates the presence of a deadlock based on WFGs?

A cycle in the union of local WFGs (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is the algorithm of constructing a local WFG and initiating a global snapshot protocol considered correct for deadlock detection?

Deadlock is a stable property (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of deadlock occurs in a distributed system when there is a circular attempt of message passing among processes?

Communication deadlock (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of mutual exclusion synchronization?

To reduce resource conflicts and promote resource harmony (C) Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario does mutual exclusion prevent race conditions?

When only one process is allowed to execute the critical section at a time (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does mutual exclusion synchronization enhance efficiency in distributed systems?

By minimizing conflicts and collisions through sequential access (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does mutual exclusion prevent in concurrency control?

Race conditions (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is resource utilization optimized in mutual exclusion synchronization?

By orchestrating access, minimizing conflicts, and optimizing efficiency (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge addressed by mutual exclusion synchronization in distributed systems?

Reducing resource conflicts and promoting resource harmony (A) Signup and view all the answers

In layered architecture, how can a layer communicate with another layer?

Through coordination with only neighbouring layers (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the response when transmitted from bottom to top in layered architecture?

The response is reconstructed (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which architecture has components treated as objects that communicate through method calls?

Object-oriented architecture (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of layered architecture?

Each layer can be modified independently without affecting other layers (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is used for connecting objects in Object-Oriented Architecture?

RPC mechanism or RMI mechanism (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of layered architecture for calls?

Calls follow a predetermined path (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a resource deadlock?

A situation where multiple processes are waiting for each other to release a resource (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the strategy to handle deadlocks by statically making deadlocks structurally impossible?

Prevention (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a distributed system?

A process can request and release resources in any order (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is required for deadlock detection in distributed systems?

An examination of the status of process-resource interactions for the presence of cyclical wait (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a favorable condition of deadlock detection in distributed systems?

Once a cycle is formed in the WFG, it persists until it is detected and broken (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is another favorable condition of deadlock detection in distributed systems?

Cycle detection can proceed concurrently with the normal activities of a system (B) Signup and view all the answers