29 Questions
What is the primary purpose of an election algorithm in a distributed system?
Electing a new coordinator if the current one crashes
In the Bully Algorithm, what action does a process take if no responses are received after sending election messages to higher priority processes?
Elects itself as the new coordinator
What is a critical assumption made by the election algorithm for selecting a new coordinator?
Every process in the system has a unique priority number
In the Bully Algorithm, what triggers the election process to begin?
No response from the coordinator to a message within a time interval
What happens if a process receives a message within time T from another process with a higher priority number in the Bully Algorithm?
It waits for another message to confirm the new coordinator
What is the consequence of receiving a response from a higher priority process in the election process using the Bully Algorithm?
The process waits for a further confirmation message
What is one of the criteria used to evaluate a detection scheme for deadlocks in distributed systems?
Detect a deadlock in a finite amount of time
How is a global snapshot protocol initiated in a distributed system to detect deadlocks?
By constructing a local WFG at each site
In a distributed system, what indicates the presence of a deadlock based on WFGs?
A cycle in the union of local WFGs
Why is the algorithm of constructing a local WFG and initiating a global snapshot protocol considered correct for deadlock detection?
Deadlock is a stable property
What type of deadlock occurs in a distributed system when there is a circular attempt of message passing among processes?
Communication deadlock
What is the main goal of mutual exclusion synchronization?
To reduce resource conflicts and promote resource harmony
In which scenario does mutual exclusion prevent race conditions?
When only one process is allowed to execute the critical section at a time
How does mutual exclusion synchronization enhance efficiency in distributed systems?
By minimizing conflicts and collisions through sequential access
What does mutual exclusion prevent in concurrency control?
Race conditions
How is resource utilization optimized in mutual exclusion synchronization?
By orchestrating access, minimizing conflicts, and optimizing efficiency
What is the primary challenge addressed by mutual exclusion synchronization in distributed systems?
Reducing resource conflicts and promoting resource harmony
In layered architecture, how can a layer communicate with another layer?
Through coordination with only neighbouring layers
What happens to the response when transmitted from bottom to top in layered architecture?
The response is reconstructed
Which architecture has components treated as objects that communicate through method calls?
Object-oriented architecture
What are the advantages of layered architecture?
Each layer can be modified independently without affecting other layers
Which mechanism is used for connecting objects in Object-Oriented Architecture?
RPC mechanism or RMI mechanism
What is a key advantage of layered architecture for calls?
Calls follow a predetermined path
What is a resource deadlock?
A situation where multiple processes are waiting for each other to release a resource
What is the strategy to handle deadlocks by statically making deadlocks structurally impossible?
Prevention
What is a characteristic of a distributed system?
A process can request and release resources in any order
What is required for deadlock detection in distributed systems?
An examination of the status of process-resource interactions for the presence of cyclical wait
What is a favorable condition of deadlock detection in distributed systems?
Once a cycle is formed in the WFG, it persists until it is detected and broken
What is another favorable condition of deadlock detection in distributed systems?
Cycle detection can proceed concurrently with the normal activities of a system
Learn about the communication flow in a layered architecture where each layer can only communicate with neighboring layers. Explore the concept of cross-layer coordination for better performance results.
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