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What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
According to the second law of thermodynamics, what happens to the entropy of an isolated system?
According to the second law of thermodynamics, what happens to the entropy of an isolated system?
What occurs during an isobaric process?
What occurs during an isobaric process?
What characterizes a spontaneous process?
What characterizes a spontaneous process?
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What does the third law of thermodynamics state about entropy as it approaches absolute zero?
What does the third law of thermodynamics state about entropy as it approaches absolute zero?
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What is thermodynamic work?
What is thermodynamic work?
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Which of the following describes an adiabatic process?
Which of the following describes an adiabatic process?
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In the context of heat capacity, what does it measure?
In the context of heat capacity, what does it measure?
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What does the negative sign in the work done indicate?
What does the negative sign in the work done indicate?
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What is the expression for work done on a monoatomic ideal gas during isothermal compression?
What is the expression for work done on a monoatomic ideal gas during isothermal compression?
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What remains constant for the internal energy of a monoatomic ideal gas in an isothermal process?
What remains constant for the internal energy of a monoatomic ideal gas in an isothermal process?
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In the first law of thermodynamics, how can heat exchanged be calculated?
In the first law of thermodynamics, how can heat exchanged be calculated?
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What is the value of the change in internal energy for the gas in this process?
What is the value of the change in internal energy for the gas in this process?
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What happens to the amount of heat exchanged when the gas is compressed?
What happens to the amount of heat exchanged when the gas is compressed?
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What does the term ln(4) imply in the context of this thermodynamic process?
What does the term ln(4) imply in the context of this thermodynamic process?
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How can the work done on the gas be expressed numerically?
How can the work done on the gas be expressed numerically?
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In an isochoric process, what is the relationship between heat exchanged and internal energy change?
In an isochoric process, what is the relationship between heat exchanged and internal energy change?
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What characterizes the area under a P-V diagram during an expansion process?
What characterizes the area under a P-V diagram during an expansion process?
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Which of the following describes an isobaric process?
Which of the following describes an isobaric process?
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For a free expansion process under zero pressure, what is the impact on work done?
For a free expansion process under zero pressure, what is the impact on work done?
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In relation to internal energy, what does the first law of thermodynamics state for an isobaric process?
In relation to internal energy, what does the first law of thermodynamics state for an isobaric process?
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What does the integration of pressure as a function of volume determine in thermal physics?
What does the integration of pressure as a function of volume determine in thermal physics?
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What is the heat exchange expression for a process at constant volume?
What is the heat exchange expression for a process at constant volume?
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Which thermodynamic process is represented by a horizontal line on a P-V diagram?
Which thermodynamic process is represented by a horizontal line on a P-V diagram?
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What is the relationship between the specific heats at constant volume and constant pressure for an ideal gas?
What is the relationship between the specific heats at constant volume and constant pressure for an ideal gas?
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Which equation represents the first law of thermodynamics for an isochor?
Which equation represents the first law of thermodynamics for an isochor?
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What does the variable $W$ represent in the context of the first law of thermodynamics?
What does the variable $W$ represent in the context of the first law of thermodynamics?
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For an ideal gas, what happens to the pressure and volume during an adiabatic process?
For an ideal gas, what happens to the pressure and volume during an adiabatic process?
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What can be inferred about the internal energy change ($\Delta U$) of an ideal gas?
What can be inferred about the internal energy change ($\Delta U$) of an ideal gas?
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What equation expresses the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature for an ideal gas?
What equation expresses the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature for an ideal gas?
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How is work ($W$) calculated during an isobaric process?
How is work ($W$) calculated during an isobaric process?
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What defines the adiabatic index ($\gamma$) for a monatomic ideal gas?
What defines the adiabatic index ($\gamma$) for a monatomic ideal gas?
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During an adiabatic process, how does the internal energy ($\Delta U$) change?
During an adiabatic process, how does the internal energy ($\Delta U$) change?
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What is the value of the internal energy change ∆U_C_A?
What is the value of the internal energy change ∆U_C_A?
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What is the expression for the net work done in the cycle?
What is the expression for the net work done in the cycle?
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After calculating, what is the numerical value of the net work done during the cycle?
After calculating, what is the numerical value of the net work done during the cycle?
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What is the principle that verifies that the internal energy change for a complete cycle is zero?
What is the principle that verifies that the internal energy change for a complete cycle is zero?
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What is the calculated value of net heat charge Q_net for the complete cycle?
What is the calculated value of net heat charge Q_net for the complete cycle?
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In an isothermal process for an ideal gas, what happens to the internal energy?
In an isothermal process for an ideal gas, what happens to the internal energy?
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According to the first law of thermodynamics, what relates the change in internal energy to heat and work?
According to the first law of thermodynamics, what relates the change in internal energy to heat and work?
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What is the relationship between heat added and work done in an ideal isothermal process?
What is the relationship between heat added and work done in an ideal isothermal process?
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How is the change in entropy ∆S calculated during a reversible process?
How is the change in entropy ∆S calculated during a reversible process?
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If the net internal energy change is zero for a complete cycle, what other variables must also satisfy this condition?
If the net internal energy change is zero for a complete cycle, what other variables must also satisfy this condition?
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Study Notes
Laws of Thermodynamics
- The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. This is also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy.
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics establishes that the entropy of any isolated system always increases.
- The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
Key Terms
- Pressure is the force applied per unit area.
- Volume is the amount of space an object occupies.
- Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance.
- Absolute Zero is the lowest theoretically possible temperature.
- Entropy is a thermodynamic property that measures a system's thermal energy per unit of temperature that is unavailable for useful work.
- Work is done when the volume changes under pressure.
- Heat is the thermal energy transferred between substances.
- Heat Capacity measures the amount of heat a substance needs to absorb to increase its temperature by a specific amount.
- Internal Energy refers to the total energy of a substance's molecules, excluding interactions with external fields.
- Isothermal processes maintain a constant temperature.
- Isobaric processes maintain a constant pressure.
- Isochoric processes maintain a constant volume.
- Adiabatic processes do not permit any heat absorption or release.
- Isentropic processes maintain a constant entropy.
- Steady-state processes maintain a constant internal energy.
- Quasistatic processes occur slowly enough that the system reaches equilibrium between infinitesimal disturbances.
- Spontaneous processes occur without an energy source.
- Reversible processes are quasistatic and can be reversed.
- Irreversible processes are not quasistatic or involve frictional or dissipative forces.
P-V Diagrams
- Work done in thermal physics can be calculated in two common ways:
- Expressing pressure as a function of volume and integrating.
- Finding the area under the curve for a P-V diagram.
- The area under the curve for a P-V diagram represents work done.
- Positive area indicates an increase in volume.
- Negative area indicates a decrease in volume.
Thermodynamic Processes
-
Isochoric Process:
- Volume remains constant (∆𝑉 = 0).
- No work is done (𝑊 = 0).
- Heat exchange is expressed in terms of specific heat capacity at constant volume.
- Change in internal energy equals heat exchanged (∆𝑈 = 𝑄).
-
Isobaric Process:
- Pressure remains constant.
- Work is calculated using the integral 𝑊 = ∫𝑉=𝑉 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃 (𝑉 − 𝑉𝑜 ) = 𝑃∆𝑉.
- Heat exchange is expressed in terms of specific heat capacity at constant pressure.
- Internal energy change is ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊.
-
Free Expansion:
- Occurs under zero pressure.
- No work is done (𝑊 = 0) because the pressure equals zero.
- Change in internal energy equals heat exchanged: ∆𝑈 = 𝑄.
-
Isothermal Process:
- Temperature remains constant.
- Heat change (𝑄 = 𝑛𝑐𝑉 ∆𝑇) depends on the molar specific heat at constant volume.
- Internal energy change (∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊) can be simplified for different scenarios.
- For an isochor, ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 = 𝑛𝑐𝑉 ∆𝑇. Internal energy depends only on temperature.
- For an isobar, 𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅∆𝑇. Heat change depends on the molar specific heat at constant pressure.
- Internal energy change is ∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝑐𝑃 ∆𝑇 − 𝑛𝑅∆𝑇.
- For a monatomic ideal gas, 𝑐𝑉 = 𝑅, 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑅, and 𝛾 = 5/3.
-
Adiabatic Process:
- No heat absorption or release takes place.
- The relationship between pressure and volume can be expressed as 𝑃𝑜 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑃𝑉𝜸 for an ideal gas.
- This relationship can be derived by combining the ideal gas law and the first law of thermodynamics.
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Description
Test your understanding of the laws of thermodynamics, including the First, Second, and Third Laws. This quiz covers key concepts such as energy conservation, entropy, and absolute zero. Dive into the principles that govern energy and heat transfer in isolated systems.
