Laws of Thermodynamics Quiz

Thermodynamics

Laws of Thermodynamics

• Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
• First Law (Conservation of Energy): Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
• Second Law: The total entropy of a closed system always increases over time, except in reversible processes.
• Third Law: As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, its entropy approaches a minimum value.

Thermodynamic Systems

• Closed System: A system that does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.
• Open System: A system that exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings.
• Isolated System: A system that does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.

Thermodynamic Properties

• Temperature (T): A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a system.
• Internal Energy (U): The total energy of a system, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and potential energy associated with the interactions between particles.
• Entropy (S): A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.
• Heat Capacity (C): The amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of a system by a given amount.

Forces

Types of Forces

• Gravity (Fg): A force that attracts two objects with mass towards each other.
• Normal Force (Fn): A force exerted by a surface on an object that is in contact with it, perpendicular to the surface.
• Frictional Force (Ff): A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact.
• Tension Force (Ft): A force exerted by a stretched string or wire.
• Air Resistance Force (Fd): A force that opposes the motion of an object through the air.

Newton's Laws of Motion

• First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move with a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force.
• Second Law (F = ma): The force applied to an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration.
• Third Law (Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Laws of Thermodynamics

• Zeroth Law: Thermal equilibrium between two systems implies they are also in thermal equilibrium with any other system in thermal equilibrium with one of them.
• First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another, and the total energy of a closed system remains constant.
• Second Law: The total entropy of a closed system always increases over time, except in reversible processes, and it is impossible to build a machine that can convert all the heat energy into useful work.
• Third Law: As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, its entropy approaches a minimum value, and it is impossible to reach absolute zero by any finite number of processes.

Thermodynamic Systems

• Closed System: A system that exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings, and its total energy remains constant.
• Open System: A system that exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings, and its total energy and matter are not constant.
• Isolated System: A system that does not exchange energy or matter with its surroundings, and its total energy and matter are constant.

Thermodynamic Properties

• Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a system, and it is a scalar quantity.
• Internal Energy: The total energy of a system, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and potential energy associated with the interactions between particles.
• Entropy: A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system, and it is a scalar quantity.
• Heat Capacity: The amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of a system by a given amount, and it is a measure of the system's ability to absorb heat energy.

Forces

Types of Forces

• Gravity: A force that attracts two objects with mass towards each other, and it is a universal force that affects everything with mass.
• Normal Force: A force exerted by a surface on an object that is in contact with it, perpendicular to the surface, and it is a contact force.
• Frictional Force: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact, and it is a contact force that depends on the normal force and the properties of the surfaces.
• Tension Force: A force exerted by a stretched string or wire, and it is a contact force that is transmitted along the length of the string or wire.
• Air Resistance Force: A force that opposes the motion of an object through the air, and it is a non-contact force that depends on the object's velocity and shape.

Newton's Laws of Motion

• First Law: An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move with a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force, and it is a fundamental principle of motion.
• Second Law: The force applied to an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration, and it is a quantitative description of the relationship between force and motion.
• Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, and it is a fundamental principle of motion that describes the interaction between two objects.

Kinematics

• Study of motion without considering forces
• Position: described by x, y, z coordinates
• Displacement: change in position described by Δx, Δy, Δz
• Velocity: rate of change of position, described by v
• Acceleration: rate of change of velocity, described by a
• Speed and velocity are not the same: speed is scalar, velocity is vector
• Motion can be in one dimension (1D), two dimensions (2D), or three dimensions (3D)
• Graphical analysis of motion: position-time, velocity-time, and acceleration-time graphs

Energy

• Types of energy:
  • Kinetic energy: energy of motion
  • Potential energy: energy of position or configuration
  • Thermal energy: energy of temperature
  • Electrical energy: energy of moving charges
  • Chemical energy: energy stored in chemical bonds
• Energy transformations and conservation:
  • Law of conservation of energy: total energy remains constant
  • Energy conversion: one type of energy is converted to another

Dynamics

• Study of motion with forces
• Newton's laws of motion:
  • First law: inertia, objects at rest stay at rest, objects in motion stay in motion
  • Second law: force and acceleration, F = ma
  • Third law: action and reaction, equal and opposite forces
• Types of forces:
  • Gravity: force of attraction between objects, weight
  • Friction: force opposing motion, static, kinetic, and rolling
  • Normal force: force perpendicular to surface
  • Tension: force along a string or wire
• Force diagrams and free body diagrams: visual representations of forces acting on an object

Waves

• Types of waves:
  • Mechanical waves: require a medium, e.g. water, sound
  • Electromagnetic waves: do not require a medium, e.g. light, radio
• Characteristics of waves:
  • Wavelength: distance between successive points on a wave
  • Frequency: number of oscillations per second
  • Speed: velocity of wave propagation
  • Wave number: 2π / wavelength
  • Angular frequency: 2π / period
  • Amplitude, period, and phase: characteristics of wave oscillations
  • Superposition, interference, and diffraction: interactions between waves

Electricity

• Study of electric charges and their interactions
• Electric charges: positive (+) and negative (-)
• Coulomb's law: force between two point charges, F = k * q1 * q2 / r^2
• Electric field: force per unit charge, E = F / q
• Electric potential: potential energy per unit charge, V
• Electric current: flow of charge, I = ΔQ / Δt
• Resistance: opposition to current flow, R = V / I
• Ohm's law: I = V/R

Magnetism

• Study of magnetic fields and their interactions
• Magnetic fields: forces between magnets and electric currents
• Biot-Savart law: magnetic field due to a current, dB = μ₀ * I * dl × r / 4πr³
• Ampere's law: magnetic field and current, ∮B · dl = μ₀ * I
• Magnetic induction: Faraday's law of induction, ε = -N(dΦ/dt)
• Electromagnetic induction: generation of voltage
• Lenz's law: direction of induced current, opposes the change in flux