Law Systems in Canada
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between the Common Law System and the Civil Law System?

  • Civil Law accumulates judicial precedents over time.
  • Common Law is based on a single document interpreted by judges.
  • Common Law relies on civil codes while Civil Law uses precedents.
  • Civil Law is based on a comprehensive civil code interpreted without precedents. (correct)

Which statement accurately describes the nature of criminal law?

  • Criminal law is concerned with disputes between private parties.
  • Criminal law addresses offenses against the public and society. (correct)
  • Criminal law is often resolved through mediation.
  • Criminal law is a provincial responsibility.

Which of the following groups is not one of the main Indigenous representation governance groups in Canada?

  • Metis National Council
  • Assembly of First Nations
  • Canadian Indigenous Council (correct)
  • Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami

What does Intergovernmental Relations primarily refer to in the context of Canada?

<p>Interactions among various governmental bodies across different levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the public sector influence governance in Canada?

<p>Public servants maintain political neutrality regardless of the ruling party. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leader is associated with the Assembly of First Nations as of 2023?

<p>Cindy Woodhouse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary purpose of Intergovernmental Relations regarding Indigenous communities?

<p>To enable coordination on policies and funding affecting Indigenous issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the Common Law System?

<p>It evolves through the accumulation of judicial precedents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Freedom of Information Policies (FOIP)?

<p>To balance the public's right to know with individual privacy rights. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of creating a digital media campaign?

<p>Create innovative advertising strategies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of note helps decision makers understand the status of emerging issues?

<p>Information Notes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a responsibility of watchdog journalists?

<p>To investigate and inform the public about power abuses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Public Archives typically preserve?

<p>Historical, legal, and administrative records. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of issues management in government?

<p>To proactively address issues affecting operations and reputation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of note prepares decision makers for meetings with key audiences?

<p>Meeting Notes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically included in Decision Notes?

<p>Past meeting minutes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes whistleblowers?

<p>They provide insights into unethical actions within their institution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Open Media's main challenge?

<p>To maintain freedom of expression on the internet. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect does the Background section of a briefing note include?

<p>The history of the issue and key parties involved. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of House Notes?

<p>To assist cabinet members during legislative discussions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines bias in journalism?

<p>The influence of personal opinions on reporting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Lobbyist Registry?

<p>To ensure lobbyists comply with requirements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between a press release and a news release?

<p>A news release covers ongoing or past events, while a press release focuses on future developments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of an Ego Leak?

<p>To gain favorable media attention while boosting personal reputation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Gartner Hype Cycle, what is associated with each stage?

<p>Risks and opportunities relevant to technological advancements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines shadow campaigns in political contexts?

<p>They involve undisclosed spending to influence political outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crisis media frame emphasizes the coordination between governmental and non-governmental organizations?

<p>Collaboration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Trial Balloon Leak?

<p>To test public reaction to a specific issue or position (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do social movements differ from interest groups?

<p>Social movements seek to influence society as a whole, while interest groups focus on specific political policies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect characterizes the No-Purpose Leak?

<p>For self-satisfaction without any expectation of publicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which federal political party is associated with the idea of 'strong conservative leadership'?

<p>CPC (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way in which women political leaders are treated differently in Canadian media compared to their male counterparts?

<p>They frequently have names mentioned without titles, signaling disrespect. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the act of exposing agency corruption by an individual seeking a financial reward?

<p>Whistle-Blower Leak (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'Crisis Severity' media frame?

<p>Emphasizing government coordination during crisis recovery efforts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Common Law System

A legal system based on judicial precedents, where decisions in past cases guide future judgments. It's like building a legal house, brick by brick, on top of previous rulings.

Civil Law System

A legal system based on a comprehensive written code (civil code) that covers a wide range of legal issues. Think of it as a legal blueprint for a whole country.

Civil Law

Deals with disputes between private individuals or corporations. It's like settling neighborhood disputes or business disagreements.

Criminal Law

Deals with crimes against society, such as theft, assault, and murder. It's like upholding the rules for everyone's safety and well-being.

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Assembly of First Nations (AFN)

The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) represents the interests of First Nations people in Canada.

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Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK)

Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK) represents the interests of Inuit people in Canada.

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Métis National Council (MNC)

The Métis National Council (MNC) represents the interests of Métis people in Canada.

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Intergovernmental Relations (IR)

The interactions between different levels of government (federal, provincial, and territorial) in Canada. It's about how these governments work together to address shared issues, like Indigenous relations.

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PIO (Public Information Officer)

A figure who communicates timely information about their organization with members of the public.

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CCO (Canadian Communication Officer)

Someone who writes and edits content for their organization's promotional materials, handles media inquiries and develops strategies to boost the company's brand.

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News Release vs Press Release

A news release covers any newsworthy event, ongoing or past. Press releases focus on upcoming events and future developments.

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Ego Leak

Leaking information to gain publicity and personal recognition.

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Goodwill Leak

Leaking information to get positive coverage and personal mention in the media.

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Policy Leak

Leaking information about an important decision to associate someone with it. Or maybe an official who disagrees leaks their dissenting view.

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Animus Leak

Leaking information to harm or discredit a coworker.

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Trial Balloon Leak

Testing a new idea or policy by releasing it to the public to see how it will be received.

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Whistle-Blower Leak

Exposure of corruption, deceit or wrongdoing by an organization. Often motivated by a reward for saving the government money.

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No-Purpose Leak

Leak without any purpose, done for honesty or personal satisfaction.

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Shadow Campaigns (Dark Money)

Spending meant to influence political outcomes where the source of the money is not disclosed or is difficult to trace.

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Gartner Hype Cycle

A model that shows how new technologies go through phases of hype, disillusionment, and eventually adoption.

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Interest Groups

Groups that aim to influence political policy. They don't compete in elections.

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Social Movements

Groups that seek to change societal views on a problem. They try to make a global impact.

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Alternative Media

Media that is not controlled by governments or large corporations. It can be print, movies, videos, etc.

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Briefing Note

A collection of notes that summarize key points and relevant issues for a specific topic, often used to inform decision-making.

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Public Archives

A collection of documents, media, and artifacts that preserve historical, legal, and administrative records, offering insights into a region's history, politics, culture, and society.

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Bias

Refers to the idea that journalists allow their personal beliefs to influence their reporting, leading to biased coverage.

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Issues Management

Government agencies proactively identify, assess, and address issues to minimize risks, resolve conflicts, and communicate effectively with stakeholders. It involves monitoring public sentiment, planning strategic responses, and maintaining transparency.

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Information Notes

Information notes designed to inform senior decision-makers about new or emerging issues. They address media coverage, reports, or policy changes, and provide insights into the current, key supporters, detractors, and next steps.

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Technical Notes

A specialized information note summarizing scientific or technical issues for decision-makers.

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Meeting Notes

Prepared to inform decision-makers about an upcoming meeting or event, such as a legislative committee meeting, a special interest group address, or a meeting with another department.

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House Notes

A type of meeting note specifically designed to prepare cabinet members for responses to issues raised in the legislature, including key facts, messages, likely questions, answers, and background information.

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Decision Notes

A type of note developed to help decision-makers make choices about critical or emerging issues. It presents multiple options, their rationales, pros, cons, a proposed course of action, potential criticisms, and how to address them.

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Key Messages

The most important points an organization wants to convey on a specific issue. They are often included in briefing notes designed to prepare decision-makers for action.

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Issues

Matters of public concern, policy challenges, or situations requiring attention that can affect the reputation, operations, or public trust of government agencies.

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Watchdog Journalists

Journalists who hold power to account by gathering and disseminating information about their actions, thus informing the public.

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Whistleblowers

Individuals who disclose unethical or illegal actions within an organization, often seeking protection from retaliation.

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Message Event Proposals (M.E.P.s)

Invitations extended to accredited journalists to attend events, requiring them to submit questions in advance for approval.

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Creating a Digital Media Campaign

The process of building a digital media campaign involves identifying traditional channels, choosing social media platforms, tracking messages, and linking social media accounts for coordinated efforts.

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Freedom of Information Policies (FOIP)

Freedom of Information Policies aim to balance the public's right to know with an individual's right to privacy.

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Study Notes

Common Law vs. Civil Law Systems

  • Common Law: A system based on accumulating legal precedents to interpret laws.
  • Civil Law: Relies on a codified civil code, interpreted without the need for precedents. Quebec's system is based on the French Napoleonic Code.

Criminal vs. Civil Law

  • Civil Law: Addresses disputes between private parties or corporations.
  • Criminal Law: A federal responsibility focused on crimes against society.

Indigenous Representation Groups in Canada

  • Assembly of First Nations (AFN): Formed around 1978, officially in 1982. Current leaders: Cindy Woodhouse (2023-present) and RoseAnn Archibald (2021-2023).
  • Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK): Established in 1971. Current leader: Natan Obed (2015-present). Third and final term.
  • Métis National Council (MNC): Founded in 1983. Current leader: Cassidy Caron (since 2021).

Intergovernmental Relations (IR) in Canada

  • Definition: Relations between different governmental bodies.
  • Canadian Context: Primarily refers to relations among federal, provincial, and territorial governments, with the federal government holding a dominant position (executive federalism).
  • Importance to Indigenous Relations: Crucial for coordinating policies, funding, and programs affecting Indigenous communities, supporting reconciliation, respecting self-governance, and including Indigenous voices in decision-making.

Public Sector Impact on Canadian Government

  • Political Neutrality: Public servants are expected to serve the government regardless of political party, maintaining objectivity.

Key Terms in Public Sector Administration

  • Freedom of Information Policies (FOIP): Balancing public access with privacy regarding information held by public bodies.
  • Open Media: Promoting a free, unrestricted internet. Challenges monopolies on intellectual property and copyright.
  • Public Archives: Preserving historical, legal, and administrative records (e.g., Federal, Provincial, and City of Calgary archives). Valuable for political and societal insight.

Digital Media Campaign Steps

  • Step 1: Analyze existing traditional channels.
  • Step 2: Select social media platforms for community engagement.
  • Step 3: Implement RSS feed alerts for data tracking (data analytics).
  • Step 4: Coordinate social media campaign efforts.

Briefing Note Types

  • Information Notes: Updates senior decision-makers on emerging issues (e.g., media coverage, reports, policy changes). Includes current status, key players, and upcoming actions.
  • Technical Notes: Summarize scientific or technical issues.
  • Meeting Notes: Prepare decision-makers for meetings (e.g., legislative, cabinet, or meetings with external groups). May outline audience characteristics and key players.
  • House Notes: Prepare cabinet members for parliamentary discussions (question period or committee hearings). Includes key facts, government position, anticipated questions, and recommended answers.
  • Decision Notes: Support decision-making on critical issues. Includes options, rationales, implications, potential criticisms, and best solutions.
  • Background: Details history, key parties, and their positions.
  • Objective: Clearly define goal or outcome.
  • Audience: Understand people decision-makers need to communicate to.
  • Political Acumen: Appropriately influence audiences.
  • Key Messages: The most important points to convey.
  • Issues: Matters requiring government attention.
  • Issue Management: The proactive identification, assessment, and resolution of issues.

PIO vs. CCO

  • Public Information Officer (PIO): Communicates information to the public.
  • Canadian Communication Officer (CCO): Manages promotional materials, media inquiries, and company branding.

Press Release vs. News Release

  • News Release: Covers ongoing or past events.
  • Press Release: Covers upcoming events.

Media Leak Types

  • Ego Leak: Seeking self-promotion.
  • Goodwill Leak: Gaining future media favour.
  • Policy Leak: Associating oneself with policy decisions.
  • Animus Leak: Retaliating against colleagues.
  • Trial Balloon Leak: Testing public opinion.
  • Whistleblower Leak: Exposing misconduct.
  • No-Purpose Leak: Personal reasons.

Gartner Hype Cycle

  • An annual assessment of innovative technologies and their potential impact.

Crisis Media Frames

  • Anniversary/memorial
  • Collaboration (emphasising coordination)
  • Crisis Severity (emphasising coordination)
  • Conflict (emphasising disagreement)
  • Economic Consequences (emphasising financial impact)
  • Emerging Heroes/Victims (emphasising crisis management)

Political Groups and Media

  • Interest Groups: Influence policy without seeking election.
  • Social Movements: Influence societal views (e.g. gender equality).
  • Alternative Media: Example: print, movies, videos.
  • Parties and Brands:
    • CPC: Strong conservative leadership.
    • LPC: Ensuring individual freedoms.
    • NDP: Protecting collective rights.
  • Backchannels/Shadow Campaigns: Spending meant to influence political outcomes with undisclosed funding sources

Women in Politics (Media Coverage)

  • Women receive less respect via first names only, as compared to men who are given titles and last names.

App Use in Politics

  • Apps capture electoral information.

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Explore the differences between common law and civil law systems, as well as criminal and civil law distinctions. Additionally, learn about the representation of Indigenous groups in Canada and the intergovernmental relations that shape governance. Test your knowledge on these vital legal concepts and organizations.

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