Law Exam: Criminal Law and Contract Law

Deals with crimes and their punishments
Focuses on the protection of society and punishment of offenders
Key concepts:
- Actus reus (guilty act)
- Mens rea (guilty mind)
- Causation
- Defenses (e.g. self-defense, insanity)
Types of crimes:
- Felonies (serious crimes)
- Misdemeanors (less serious crimes)

Governs agreements between parties
Enforces promises and agreements
Key concepts:
- Offer and acceptance
- Consideration (something of value)
- Capacity (legal ability to enter into a contract)
- Intention to create legal relations
Types of contracts:
- Bilateral (mutual promises)
- Unilateral (one-sided promise)
- Express (written) contracts
- Implied (unwritten) contracts

Concerned with civil wrongs and compensation for harm
Key concepts:
- Duty of care (responsibility to avoid harm)
- Breach of duty (failure to meet duty)
- Causation (link between breach and harm)
- Damages (compensation for harm)
Types of torts:
- Negligence (careless behavior)
- Intentional torts (deliberate harm)
- Strict liability (responsibility without fault)

Criminal law focuses on protecting society and punishing offenders
Two key elements of a crime:
- Actus reus (guilty act): the physical act that constitutes a crime
- Mens rea (guilty mind): the mental state or intention behind the act
Causation is a crucial element in determining criminal liability
Defenses to criminal liability include:
- Self-defense: using reasonable force to protect oneself
- Insanity: lack of mental capacity to understand the nature of the act

Contract law enforces promises and agreements between parties
Key elements of a valid contract:
- Offer and acceptance: one party makes an offer, and the other party accepts
- Consideration: something of value exchanged between parties
- Capacity: legal ability to enter into a contract
- Intention to create legal relations: parties must intend to create a legally binding agreement
Types of contracts:
- Bilateral contracts: mutual promises between parties
- Unilateral contracts: one-sided promise with an offeror and an offeree

Property law deals with rights and interests in land and personal property
Types of property:
- Real property: land and buildings
- Personal property: movable goods
Interests in property:
- Freehold estates: ownership of land and buildings
- Leasehold estates: temporary possession of land and buildings
Property rights:
- Right to possession: exclusive control over property
- Right to use: right to utilize property for personal or commercial purposes
- Right to exclude others: right to prevent others from using or entering property

Tort law concerns civil wrongs and compensation for harm
Key elements of a tort:
- Duty of care: responsibility to avoid harm to others
- Breach of duty: failure to meet the duty of care
- Causation: link between breach and harm
- Damages: compensation for harm suffered
Types of torts:
- Negligence: careless behavior resulting in harm
- Intentional torts: deliberate harm or injury to others

Constitutional law deals with the interpretation and application of a country's constitution
Key concepts:
- Separation of powers: division of power between legislative, executive, and judicial branches
- Federalism: division of power between national and state governments
- Individual rights and liberties:
  - Freedom of speech and expression
  - Freedom of religion and worship
  - Right to due process and fair trial
- Judicial review: power of courts to interpret constitutionality of laws and government actions