Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the process by which an authority figure empowers another with their own authority?
What is the process by which an authority figure empowers another with their own authority?
What type of evidence is based on the testimony of a witness who saw, heard, or touched the subject at issue?
What type of evidence is based on the testimony of a witness who saw, heard, or touched the subject at issue?
What is the purpose of the discovery process in a legal case?
What is the purpose of the discovery process in a legal case?
What is the term for fundamental fairness as defined by the Bill of Rights and the law?
What is the term for fundamental fairness as defined by the Bill of Rights and the law?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a threat of bodily or other harm?
What is the term for a threat of bodily or other harm?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for evidence presented in a written form?
What is the term for evidence presented in a written form?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a situation where a person is taken into custody without proper authority?
What is the term for a situation where a person is taken into custody without proper authority?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the Exclusionary Rule?
What is the purpose of the Exclusionary Rule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a search that is considered reasonable and based upon the showing of probable cause?
What is the term for a search that is considered reasonable and based upon the showing of probable cause?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the First Amendment?
What is the purpose of the First Amendment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for an individual with recognized specialized knowledge authorized by the court to offer opinions as evidence?
What is the term for an individual with recognized specialized knowledge authorized by the court to offer opinions as evidence?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the first time that a suspect makes an appearance before a judge?
What is the term for the first time that a suspect makes an appearance before a judge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a pat down of the outer garments for weapons?
What is the term for a pat down of the outer garments for weapons?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for continuous pursuit of a suspect in a crime with no unnecessary delay or period of non-pursuit before capture?
What is the term for continuous pursuit of a suspect in a crime with no unnecessary delay or period of non-pursuit before capture?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a serious crime, as opposed to a lesser crime (misdemeanor)?
What is the term for a serious crime, as opposed to a lesser crime (misdemeanor)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the amendment to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees equal protection of the law to all U.S. citizens?
What is the term for the amendment to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees equal protection of the law to all U.S. citizens?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine?
What is the purpose of the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the functional equivalent of an interrogation?
What is the functional equivalent of an interrogation?
Signup and view all the answers
Under what circumstances can improperly obtained evidence be used in court?
Under what circumstances can improperly obtained evidence be used in court?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a grand jury?
What is the purpose of a grand jury?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a guilty verdict?
What is a guilty verdict?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a writ of Habeas Corpus?
What is the purpose of a writ of Habeas Corpus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Hearsay Rule?
What is the Hearsay Rule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of impeachment of a witness?
What is the purpose of impeachment of a witness?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the independent source rule?
What is the independent source rule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is indirect evidence?
What is indirect evidence?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a mobile vehicle?
What is a mobile vehicle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a motion for discovery?
What is the purpose of a motion for discovery?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a motion to suppress?
What is a motion to suppress?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Motor Vehicle Exception?
What is the Motor Vehicle Exception?
Signup and view all the answers
What is negligence?
What is negligence?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a nolo contendere?
What is a nolo contendere?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an one-on-one confrontation?
What is an one-on-one confrontation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an open field?
What is an open field?
Signup and view all the answers
What is pedigree?
What is pedigree?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a petit jury?
What is a petit jury?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of a prosecuting attorney?
What is the primary role of a prosecuting attorney?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a limited search for accomplices who may be hiding for an ambush?
What is the term for a limited search for accomplices who may be hiding for an ambush?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for an area which is protected by the Fourth Amendment against unjustified intrusions by law enforcement?
What is the term for an area which is protected by the Fourth Amendment against unjustified intrusions by law enforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for money awarded to the injured party in a civil suit to punish the person who committed the tort?
What is the term for money awarded to the injured party in a civil suit to punish the person who committed the tort?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for following or chasing in order to stop and take into custody?
What is the term for following or chasing in order to stop and take into custody?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for immunity from civil suit granted to police officers whose actions were reasonable and not in violation of clearly defined principles of Constitutional Law?
What is the term for immunity from civil suit granted to police officers whose actions were reasonable and not in violation of clearly defined principles of Constitutional Law?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary condition for an officer to seize evidence or contraband under the plain feel doctrine?
What is the primary condition for an officer to seize evidence or contraband under the plain feel doctrine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a judge's initial review of a case to determine if there is probable cause to proceed to trial?
What is the term for a judge's initial review of a case to determine if there is probable cause to proceed to trial?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the standard of evidence required to convict a defendant of a crime?
What is the standard of evidence required to convict a defendant of a crime?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a private loss or injury that leads to a civil suit?
What is the term for a private loss or injury that leads to a civil suit?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for an opinion reached before hearing all the evidence?
What is the term for an opinion reached before hearing all the evidence?
Signup and view all the answers
Under the plain view doctrine, what is the requirement for seizing evidence or contraband?
Under the plain view doctrine, what is the requirement for seizing evidence or contraband?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a plea bargain?
What is the purpose of a plea bargain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a special advantage or permission granted to an individual or group?
What is the term for a special advantage or permission granted to an individual or group?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the amount of information needed to decide in favor of a party in a civil suit?
What is the term for the amount of information needed to decide in favor of a party in a civil suit?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a piece of land and the house and other buildings on it?
What is the term for a piece of land and the house and other buildings on it?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of an interrogation?
What is the main purpose of an interrogation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a knock and announce procedure?
What is the purpose of a knock and announce procedure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between a lay person and an expert witness?
What is the difference between a lay person and an expert witness?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a lineup?
What is the purpose of a lineup?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between a misdemeanor and a felony?
What is the main difference between a misdemeanor and a felony?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of an inventory?
What is the purpose of an inventory?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a justification?
What is the purpose of a justification?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the inevitable discovery rule?
What is the inevitable discovery rule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a Miranda warning?
What is the purpose of a Miranda warning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between reasonable suspicion and probable cause?
What is the main difference between reasonable suspicion and probable cause?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Deputization
- Deputization: the process of empowering someone with one's own authority (e.g., a police officer asking a citizen to assist in an official capacity)
Direct Evidence and Examination
- Direct evidence: evidence that, if believed, proves a fact by itself (e.g., eyewitness testimony)
- Direct examination: the first questioning of a witness by the attorney who called them, consisting of direct (not leading) questions
Discovery Process
- Discovery process: a three-step process where the defense attorney obtains evidence from the prosecution to prepare a defense and object to inadmissible items
- Steps: motion for discovery, motion to suppress, and suppression hearing
Due Process and Excessive Force
- Due process: fundamental fairness as defined by the Bill of Rights and the law
- Excessive force: force beyond what is reasonably necessary to accomplish a legal end
Expert Witnesses and Eyewitness Identification
- Expert witness: an individual with specialized knowledge authorized to offer opinions as evidence
- Eyewitness identification: one of four generally accepted methods for providing positive identification of a suspect (e.g., lineup, photo spread, one-on-one confrontation)
False Arrest and Imprisonment
- False arrest: taking someone into custody without proper authority (intentional or unintentional)
- False imprisonment: holding someone in a place of confinement without proper authority
Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments
- Fifth Amendment: guarantees that a suspected criminal will not be compelled to give evidence against themselves
- Fourteenth Amendment: guarantees equal protection of the law to all U.S. citizens, regardless of the state in which they live
Fresh Pursuit and Frisk
- Fresh pursuit (hot pursuit): continuous pursuit of a suspect with no unnecessary delay or period of non-pursuit before capture
- Frisk: a pat-down of outer garments for weapons, justified by reasonable suspicion of criminal activity and concern for officer safety
Good Faith Exception and Grand Jury
- Good faith exception: an exception to the Exclusionary Rule, allowing improperly obtained evidence if officers acted in good faith and reasonably believed they had authority
- Grand jury: a body of citizens that determines if probable cause exists and issues an indictment if it does### Privileged Communications
- Certain communications between parties in a relationship (husband-wife, attorney-client, priest-penitent, doctor-patient) are protected by law and inadmissible in court unless the interested party waives the privilege.
Probable Cause
- Probable cause refers to facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe a crime has been committed and the suspect was criminally involved.
- Probable cause for arrest requires two minimum facts: 1) a crime was committed, and 2) the suspect was criminally involved.
- Probable cause for search requires four minimum facts: 1) a crime was committed, 2) particular pieces of evidence are involved, 3) the evidence is located at a specific location, and 4) the evidence is present at the time of the search.
Legal Concepts
- Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is the amount of evidence needed to convict a person of a crime, eliminating all reasonable objections to the prosecution's case.
- A prosecuting attorney is responsible for bringing charges against a suspected criminal and presenting the case against them on behalf of the government.
Search and Seizure
- A protected area is an area shielded by the Fourth Amendment against unjustified intrusions by law enforcement.
- A protective sweep is a limited search for accomplices who may be hiding for an ambush, allowed if officers have a legal right to be in the area and limit their search to hiding areas.
- A public area is an unrestricted area to which the public has access, not considered part of a curtilage, with no expectation of privacy except in areas like public restrooms and phone booths.
Civil Law
- Punitive damages are awarded to punish the person who committed a tort, beyond compensatory damages, in cases where the accused's actions were egregious and an example needs to be made.
Law Enforcement
- Pursuit refers to following or chasing to stop and take into custody.
- A quasi-public area is an area normally considered part of a curtilage but freely accessible to the public, such as walks from the street to the front door, front porches, and pathways across curtilage with no restricted access.
- Qualified immunity is granted to police officers whose actions were reasonable and did not violate clearly defined Constitutional Law principles, protecting them from civil suits.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of key terms related to law enforcement, including deputization, detention, and direct evidence. Learn about the legal concepts and procedures used in law enforcement.