Latin Words and Phrases

• These are study notes summarizing Latin words and phrases and their English and Afrikaans translations

Latin Words and Phrases

• a contrario: By way of contrast; by wyse van teenstelling
• a fortiori: With stronger reason, more conclusively; des te meer, des te sterker
• a mensa et toro: Separated from bed and board; van tafel en bed
• a priori: From the earlier; a truth independent of experience; van oorsaak na gevolg; 'n waarheid wat nie op ondervinding berus nie
• ab initio: From the beginning; van die begin af, van meet af aan
• ab intestato: In the case of intestacy; van iemand wat sonder 'n geldige testament te sterwe kom
• actio: Legal action, lawsuit; vordering, regsvordering, aksie
• actio ad exhibendum: Action for the production of property; aksie vir die vertoning van sake (eiendom)
• actio de pauperie: Action stemming from damage or injury caused to someone by the domestic animal of another; aksie i.v.m. skade deur iemand se dier 'n ander aangedoen
• actio in personam: Action against a person; aksie teen 'n persoon
• actio in rem: A real action; 'n saaklike aksie
• actio quanti minoris: Action for the reduction of the purchase price; aksie vir die vermindering van die koopprys
• actio redhibitoria: Action to cancel a sale; aksie vir die kansellasie van 'n verkoop
• actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea: The act does not render the perpetrator culpable, unless he was conscious of its illegality; 'n handeling is geen misdaad nie, tensy die bedoling skuldig is
• actus reus: Element of action in a crime; misdaad
• ad factum praestandum: For the purposes of performing / to perform an act; tot die verrigting van 'n handeling
• ad hoc: For a special occasion or purpose; vir 'n bepaalde (of vir hierdie) geleentheid (of doel)
• ad hominem: Relating to the person; met betrekking tot die persoon
• ad idem: Agreed, of the same mind; eensgesind, van eenderse sienswyse
• ad infinitum: Endlessly; tot in die oneindige
• ad litem: For the purposes of the case; vir die geding
• ad pecuniam solvendam: (Order) for the purposes of payment/to pay money; (bevel) tot betaling van geld
• ad rem: To the point; ter sake
• ad valorem: In proportion to the value; na gelang van die waarde
• addendum: Addition; toevoeging
• aequitas: Equity; billikheid
• affectio maritalis: Conjugal affection with an intention to live as husband and wife for life; egtelike liefde met die bedoeling om blywend as man en vrou saam te leef
• agenda: That which must be done, i.e. agenda; wat gedoen moet word, d.w.s. agenda
• ager publicus: Public (crown) lands; staatsgrond
• alias: Alias, also known as, an assumed name; alias, aangenome naam
• alibi: Alibi; alibi (letterlik elders)
• aliter: Otherwise, in a different way; anders
• aliunde: From elsewhere; van elders
• amicus curiae: Friend of the court; vriend van die hof
• animus contrahendi: Intention to conclude a contract; bedoeling om te kontrakteer
• animus donandi: Intention to give as a present; bedoeling om te skenk
• animus iniurandi: Intention to harm, do an injustice, to insult; bedoeling om te benadeel, oogmerk om te krenk
• animus possidendi: Intention to possess; bedoeling om te besit
• animus revertendi: Intention to return; bedoeling om terug te kom
• animus testandi: Intention to make a will; bedoeling om te testeer
• annex: Add, append; aanheg
• annus luctus: Year of mourning; treurjaar
• ante: Before; voor
• auctoritas: Authority, consent; gesag
• audi alteram partem: Listen to the other side; hoor die ander kant
• bona fide: In good faith; te goeder trou
• bona fides: Good faith; goeder trou
• bonorum possessio: The possession of one's property by another; die besit wat 'n ander persoon oor die eienaar se eiendom uitoefen
• caput: Chapter; hoofstuk
• casus: Case, incident; geleentheid
• casus belli: Reason for (declaring) war; oorlogsgrond
• causa: Ground, cause; oorsaak
• causa debendi: Cause of debt; skuldoorsaak
• causa petendi: Ground for a claim; eisoorsaak
• iusta causa: Just cause, lawful cause; redelike oorsaak
• caveat: Let him/her beware; laat hy/sy versigtig wees
• caveat emptor: Let the buyer beware; laat die koper op sy hoede wees
• caveat vendor: Let the seller beware; laat die verkoper op sy hoede wees
• ceteris paribus: All other matters being equal; alle ander dinge gelyk synde
• compos mentis: In his/her right mind; by sy volle positiewe
• confer: Compare; vergelyk
• consensus: Consent, agreement; wilsooreenstemming
• contra bonos mores: Contrary to good morals; teen die goeie sedes
• contra naturam suam: Against its own nature; teenstryding met sy eie aard
• coram: In the presence of; in die teenwoordigheid van
• corpus: body; main sum, apart from interest; assets of an estate; lyf, liggaam; hoofsom; boedelbate
• corpus delicti: The object with which a crime has been committed; voorwerp van die misdaad
• crimen: Crime, offence; misdaad
• crimen iniuria: criminal injury; persoonlikheidskending - krenking
• cui bono: Who benefits; tot wie is die voordeel
• curator: Curator; kurator, beheerder
• curator ad litem: Curator who takes charge of the legal aspects of a person's affairs; kurator vir hofverrigtinge
• curator bonis: A curator who is in charge of the property of a person; kurator van goedere
• curia advisari vult: Judgement is reserved; uitspraak word voorbehou
• damnum: Damage, loss; skade
• damnum emergens: actual damage suffered through breach of contract; werklike geldelike verlies...kontrakbreuk
• damnum fatale: Inevitable loss; onvermydelike skade
• damnum iniuria datum: Loss resulting from unlawful deed; skade uit onregmatige daad
• damnum sine iniuria: Loss without an unlawful deed; skade sonder onregmatige daad
• data: data; gegewens
• de die in diem: From day to day; van dag tot dag
• de facto: In matter of fact, according to the facts; feitelik, na die feitelike toestand gereken
• de homine libero exhibendo: A writ requiring a person to be brought before a judge to investigate the lawfulness of his restraint; 'n regterlike bevel...wettig was
• de iure: In law, judged according to the law; regtens, na die reg geoordeel
• de minimis non curat lex: The law is not concerned with trivialities; die reg bemoei how nie met beuselagtighede nie
• de novo: Starting afresh; van nuuts af
• de veritate dicenda: The truth must be spoken; die waarheid moet gepraat word
• delegatus delegare non potest: A party holding the derivative authority cannot delegate it to a third party; iemand met afgeleide bevoegdheid kan dit nie verider oordra nie
• dictum: Utterance, saying, observation; uiting, opmerking
• dies: Day; dag
• dies a quo: The day of commencement; begindag
• dies ad quem: Last day, day of conclusion; einddag
• dies incertus an quando: Day about which it is uncertain whether it will come; dag onseker of dit sal aanbreek
• dies non: Day on which legal business cannot be done; geen hofdag
• dignitas: Dignity, the right to be free from crimen injuria; waardigheid...persoonlikheidskrenking
• dolus: Fraud, deceit, intention, design; bedrog, opset
• dolus directus: Actual intent; direkte opset
• dolus eventualis: Intention imputed because of an awareness of possible damage; opset by moontlikheidsbewussyn
• doli capax: Accountable; toerekenbaar
• doli incapax: Not accountable for his actions; ontoerekenbaar
• dolo: Intentionally, maliciously; bedriegliik, opsetlik
• domicilium citandi et exucutandi: domicile of summons and execution; plek van dagvaarding en eksekusie
• dominium: ownership; eiendomsreg
• donatio: donation, grant; skenking, donasie
• eiusdem generis: Of the same kind, sort; van dieselfde aard
• emptio: A purchase; koop
• error: Error, mistake, offence; dwaling, fout, vergissing
• error calculi: miscalculation; rekenfout
• error in corpore: Error regarding (the identity of) the thing; dwaling ten opsigte van die saak
• error facti: Error of fact; feitedwaling
• error iuris: Error of law; regsdwaling
• essentialia: The essential elements; noodsaaklike vereistes
• et al.: And other(s); et andere(e)
• et seq.: And the following; en volgende
• ex contractu: Arising from the contract; ontstaande uit kontrak
• ex consensu: Consensus; ooreenstemming
• ex delicto: Arising from the unlawful act; ontstaande uit onregmatige daad
• ex facie: evidently; volgens voorkoms geoordeel
• ex figura verborum: judging by its wording; te oordeel na die bewoording
• ex gratia: Out of goodwill; uit welwillendheit
• ex mero motu: spontaneously, of own free will; spontaan, uit eie beweging
• ex mora: by reason of default, from the moment of default; op grond van versuim; vanaf die datum van versuim
• ex officio: official, by virtue of office; ampshalwe, uit hoofde van sy amp
• ex parte: (made or said) in the interest of one side only; as enigste belanghebbende
• ex post facto: seen in retrospect, in the light of subsequent events; uit wat daarna gebeur het; agterna gesien
• exceptio doli: an exception based on fraud which was brought on which was brought on general principles of justice, in cases for which there was no express legal provision; * 'n verweer wat op grond van bedrog opgewerp is...nie*
• exceptio metus causa: refers to an exception based on duress; * 'n verweer wat op grond van vreesaanjaging opgewerp is...nie*
• exceptio pacti conventi: means an exception brought on the assumption that another agreement existed that differed from the one on which the action is based; * 'n verweer wat op die veronderstelling berus het dat daar 'n ander ooreenkoms bestaan...nie*
• exceptio probat regulam: the exception proves the rule; die uitsondering bewys die reel
• expressis verbis: in unmistakable terms; in uitdruklike bewoording
• extremis (in extremis): dying, at death's door; op sterwe, op die uiterste
• factum probandum: fact which must be proved; feit wat bewys moet word
• factum probans: fact which proves the fact(s) needing to be proved; feite wat bewys lewer
• (in) flagrante delicto: (caught) in the act of committing the offence, red-handed; op heterdaad
• fideicommissum: request in trust; erfstelling
• forum: court of justice, bench; hof, regbank
• forum competens: competent court; bevoegde hof
• forum domicilii: court of domicile; hof van domisilie
• fraus: fraud; bedrog
• fructus: fruit, yield, output; vrugte
• furtum: theft; diefstal
• generalia specialibus non derogant: General words do not derogate special regulations; algemene voorskrifte doen nie afbreuk aan... nie
• habeas corpus: you may have the body; jy mag die liggaam he
• habitatio: the right of free residence (in the house of another); reg van bewoning
• hereditas: inheritance; erfenis
• honeste vivere: live honorably, virtuously; deugsaam te lewe
• ibidem: in the same place; in dieselfde plek
• idem: the same; dieselfde
• id quod interest: total damage; totale skade
• ignorantia iuris neminem/non excusat: ignorance of the law excuses no one; onkunde van die reg verskoon...nie
• immunitates: privileges; voorregte
• impensae: expenses; uitgawes
• impensae necessariae: indispensable expenses; noodsaaklike uitgawes
• impensae utiles: useful expenses; nuttige uitgawes
• impossibilium nulla obligatio est: there is no obligation to do impossible things; daar is geen verpligting om die onmoontlike te presteer nie
• in absentia: by default, in his/her/its absence; by verstek, in sy afwesigheid
• in camera: in private, not in open court; agter geslote deure
• in casu: in this case; in hierdie geval
• in extenso: extensively, in detail; uitvoerig, volledig, breedvoerig
• in fine: in the end; aan die einde
• in forma pauperis: as indigent or pauper; as behoeftige
• in fraudem legis: with the purpose of evading the law; ter ontduiking van die reg
• in generalibus versatur error: error thrives in general terms; foute floreer in algemene terme
• in iudicio: in the course of a trial; tydens die verhoor
• in limine: at the very outset; in die aanvangstadium
• in loco parentis: in the position of a parent, on behalf of a parent; in die plek van die ouer
• in perpetuum: for ever and ever, in perpetuity; ewigdurend
• in propria causa nemo iudex: no one can be judge in his own cause; niemand kan in sy eie saak regter wees nie
• in rem: real; saaklik
• in situ: in its original position; in sy oorspronklike ligging
• in toto: wholly, entirely; in sy geheel
• in transitu: on the way, in transit, en route; onderweg
• in utero: in the womb, unborn child; in die moederlyf
• inimicitia: enmity, animosity; vyandigheid
• inter alia: amongst other things; onder andere
• inter partes: between the parties; tussen partye
• inter vivos: between the living; onder lewendes
• interim: in the meantime, intervening; tussentyds
• intra vires: within the authority conferred; binne die bevoegdheid
• ipse dixit: he said (it) himself; hy het (dit)self gese, eie woorde
• ipso facto: by that very fact; automatically; vanselfsprekend, vanself
• ipso iure: by the law as such, by unquestioned right; van regswee
• ius: Right, claim, the law, legal system; ’n subjektiewe reg; die objektiewe reg
• ius civile: Strict law applicable to Roman citizens; Romeinse reg wat vir Romeinse burgers gegeld het
• ius cogens: literally means 'compelling law.'; dwingende reg
• ius commune: The Roman law received in Europe; Romeinse reg wat in Europa ontvang is
• ius deliberandi: the right to take counsel; reg van oorweging
• ius est ars boni et aequi: law is the art of the good and equitable; reg is die kuns van die goeie en die billike
• ius mariti: The right of a husband, marital power; maritale mag
• ius respondendi: the right of Roman jurists to give advice; die reg van Romeinse burgers om regsadvies te verskaf
• ius retentionis: (the right of) lieu; retensiereg
• ius successionis: The right of succession; reg van opvolging
• ius utendi: The right of using, right of the user; reg om te gebruik
• lacuna: An emission, a gap; weglating, leemte
• lex: Law, rule of law, precept the law, legal system; (1) wet, regsreel...(2) die objektiewe reg
• lex generalis: general legal rule; algemene regsreel
• lex domicilii: The law of domicile; reg van (die skuldenar se) woonplek
• lex non scripta: Unwritten law; ongeskrewe reg
• lex scripta: Written law; geskrewe reg lex non cogit ad impossibilia : "the law does not compel the impossible"; die reg verplig nie tot die onmoontlike nie
• lex posterior derogat priori: a later law repeals a prior one; ''n latere wet heffen vroegere op"
• lex semper dabit remedium: the law will always offer a remedy; die reg bied altyd 'n remedie, hulpmiddel
• litis contestatio: a close of pleadings in action procedure; sluiting van pleitstukke tydens aksieprosedure
• loco citato: in die place already cited; op die aangehaalde plek
• locus: place; plek
• locus in quo: place where; plek waar
• locus standi: legal standing; bevoegdheid as gedingvoerder
• mala fides: bad faith; kwaaie trou
• mala fide: in bad faith; te kwader trou
• mandatum: a commission of mandate; 'n magtiging of volmag
• matrimonium: marriage; huwelik
• memorandum: memorandum; memorandum
• modus: way, method; wyse
• modus acquirendi dominii: way of acquiring the right of property; wyse van eiendomsverkryging
• modus operandi: manner of way or operating; wyser van doen
• mora: delay or default; versuim
• mora creditoris: default of the creditor; versuim van die skuldeiser
• mora debitoris: default of the debtor; versuim van die skuldenaar
• mutatis mutandis: with the necessary changes (in points of detail); met die nodige veranderinge
• n.o. (nomine officio): "by virtue of one's office, in official capacity"; amptshalwe
• nasciturus: The unborn child; verwekte maar nog ongebore kind
• nemo judex in causa sua or nemo potest esse simul actor et judex: "no man can be at once plaintiff and judge."; niemand mag gelyktydig party tot 'n geding en regter wees nie
• nisi: unless; tensy
• nolens volens: whether willing or not; teen wil en dank
• nolo contendere: I will not contend; ek wil nie stry nie
• nolle prosequi: to be unwilling to pursue; om onwillig te wees om na te streef
• non compos mentis: not of sound mind or understanding; nie by sy volle verstand
• non sequitur: An inference or conclusion that does not follow from the premises; iets wat nie volg uit die voorgaande nie
• onus: Burdens; las
• onus probandi: The burden of proof; bewyslas
• obiter dictum: statements by the way in court decisions; terloopse uiting
• opere citato (op. cit.): in the work already referred to; in die aangehaalde werk
• pacta sunt servanda: agreements must be kept; ooreenkomste behoort nagekom te woord
• pactum: agreement; ooreenkoms
• pactum antenuptiale: ante-nuptial contract; huweliksvoorwaardes
• pactum de contrahendo: agreement to conclude a contract; ooreenkoms om te kontrakteer The terms ''stipulatio'' and ''pactum'' came to "denote any contractual engagement whatsoever.".
• pactum donationis: agreement to donate; ooreenkoms om te skenk
• par delictum: of equal fault; gelyke skuld
• pari passu: equally; gelyke voet or gelyktydig
• passim: in various passages in a book; op verskillende plekke
• pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant: "father is he whom the marriage indicates"; is hy wat deur die huwelik aangewys woord.
• paterfamilias: head of a roman family; huisvader
• paterfamilias bonus (diligens): Reasonable paterfamilias; sorgsame man, redelike man
• patria potestas: the authority that the head of a Roman family had over his family; die gesag wat 'n Romeinse familiehoof oor die lede van sy familie gevoer het
• pauper: poor person; behoeftige
• pauperies: "damage or injury caused to someone by a domestic animal of another"; skade deur iemand se huisdier aan 'n ander gedoen
• per capita: "per head", per person; per hoof
• per se: by itself; op sigself
• persona standi in judicio: the capacity to bring suit in a court of law; bevoegdheid om selfstandig in 'n regsgeding op te tree
• pertere fontes: To return to the ancient sources; om fondse nat te speur; om 'n mens na die ou bronne te wend
• placito lesi: redemption money; soengeld
• possessor: posessor, owner; besitter
• bona fide possessor: owner in good faith; besitter te goeder trou
• mala fide possessor: owner in bad faith; besitter te kwade trou
• post mortem: examination made after death(to determine its cause); nadoodse ondersoek, lykskouing
• prima facie: literal definition, "on the face of it." As a legal term it denotes that there is enough evidence at 1st glance to support/establish case to a degree where it has a good chance of suceeding; letterlik "op die eerste gesig"...sal slaag.
• principium: beginning; inleidende sin
• pro amico: for freindship's sake. Gratuitous legal service for a friend(court); vriendskapshalwe/ gratis regsdienste/vriend(hof).
• pro bono: for the public good"; regswerk waarvoor daar geen vergoeding gevra word nie
• pro rata: Proportionally; na verhouding
• pro tempore: temporary; tydelik
• probandum: "thing needing to be proven"; wat bewys moet word
• q.q. (qualitate qua): Indicates Capacity to be defined; in die aangewese hoedaniheid
• quantum: Amount and Size; bedrag, omvang
• quasi: "seemingly"; kwasi-
• qui non negat faretur: "he who doesn't deny, admits."; wie nie ontken nie, erken
• quid pro quo: "something for something; the term mutual consideration is given as compensation"; teenprestasie, iese vir iets
• quod metus causa: "by reason of some fear"; op grond van vrees
• ratio: reason, cause, ground; rede, grond, ratio
• ratio decidendi: The reason for a Decision; rede vir 'n uitspraak
• re: Matter of; in verband met
• res: thing/matter; saak/goed
• res gestae: Res Gestae literally means "things done". The events themselves; gebeure
• res ipsa loquitur: "the thing speaks for itself"; dit spreek vanself
• res litigiosa: Object of a lawsuit; voorwerp van 'n regsgeding
• res mobilis: movable thing; roerende saak
• res nova: completely new occurrence. new case; Nuwe geskilpunt/ nuwe saak.
• res nullius: nobody's property; niemand se saak
• responsa: to answer; antwoorde
• restitutio in integrum: "restoring something to its original condition"; herstel in die vorige toestand
• salus populi suprema lex: "the welfare of the people is the supreme law"; die veiligheid van die volk is die hoogste reg
• scienter: "knowingly and wilfully"; wetens, willens en wetens, opsetlik
• scilicet (sc.): as may be known; natuurlik
• separatio bonorum: "seperation of goods"; boedelskeiding
• servitus: servitude/easement; serwituut, diensbaarheid
• servitus aquae ductus: The servitude water is lead through a land; serwituut van waterleiding
• servitus itineris: A right of way upon someone land; serwituut van voetpad
• servitus viae: "The right of driving cattle and vehicles over anothers lot, and incidentally of going thitheron himself."; serwituut van oorpad/reg van weg
• sine: without; sonder
• sine causa: without cause; sonder oorsaak
• sine die: endlessly; onbepaald
• sine diminutione patriae potestatis: "without diminishing the auhtority of the fathers"; sonder om aan die ouerlike gesag afbreuk te doen
• sine qua non: condition which is inseperable; onmisbare vereiste, noodwendigheid
• singuli et in solidum: "individually as well a jointly"; individueel en gesamentlik
• spes: hope/expectation; verwagting, hoop
• stante matrimonio: When the marriage is sound; tydens die huwelik
• stare decisis: to maintain law with old court decisions; om verige hofbeslissings na te volg
• status quo: existing state; die huidige stand van sake
• stricto sensu: Strict Sense, the Exact Sense; in engere sin
• sub judice: before the judge; nog hangende
• subpoena: under punishment; onder straf
• suggestio falsi: The misinterpretation of facts; wanvoorstelling
• sui generis: "one of a kind"; eiesoortig
• sui iuris: "of one's own right"; handelingsbevoeg
• summae: Additions Summaries; opsommings
• Supra: aboce; hierbo
• talio: like for like; wraak
• terminus a quo: the starting point; Beginpunt
• terminus ad quem: end point; eindpunt
• testimonia ponderanda sunt, non numeranda: Evidence must be weighed, not counted; Getuienis moet geweeg en nie getel woord nie
• ubi jus ibi remedium: where there is is a right, there is a remedy; daaris 'n reg is, is daar 'n regsmiddel
• ubi uxor ibi domus: a wife's dwelling is her husband's; die verblyfplek is waar die vrou is
• ultra vires: "without power"; om magte te oorskry
• usucapio: Acquiring something to one's use by percription; verkryging van eiendom deur verjaring
• usus: to which one applies; aanwending
• verbatim: A word for Word Traslation; woord vir woord
• versus: versus; teen
• vice versa: the opposite way; omgekeerd
• videlicet: To be specific or Namely; te wete, dit is, naamlik
• vigilantibus non dormientibus jura subveniunt: "the laws aid those who are vigilant, not those who sleep"; die hep help die waaksames, nie die slapendes nie
• vis: force; dwang
• vis absoluta: irresistible force; absolute dwang
• vis maior: "a greater or superior force."; oormag
• viva voce: expressed by speech; mondelings
• volenti non fit injuria: "that to which there is consent, no harm is done."; jeens hom wat instem, geskied geen onreg nie: instemming tot benadeling.
• voluntas coacta voluntas est: Under the presence of duress or expression is still a expression; * 'n wilsuiting onder dwang bly nogtans 'n wilsuiting*
• voluntas testatoris servanda est: "the will of the testator must be upheld"; die bedoeling van die er later moet gehandhaaf word