Latin Language Evolution

Latin and the Dark Ages

• The Roman Empire spread Latin throughout Europe, but after its fall, interest in educating the masses decreased.
• People in the Dark Ages (476-1066) began to speak in vernacular languages, which became increasingly different from Latin.
• Romance languages, such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian, are heavily influenced by Latin.

Michelangelo

• Michelangelo Buonarroti was a renowned painter, sculptor, innovator, and architect, but considered himself a sculptor above all.
• He was part of the "master trio" of Renaissance art, along with da Vinci and Raphael.
• Michelangelo's work in the Medici gardens influenced his art, and he was introduced to scientists, philosophers, and poets through Lorenzo de Medici.
• His fresco painting on the Sistine Chapel was a groundbreaking feat, and he designed a unique scaffolding system to help him paint.
• Some of his most well-known works include Pieta, Moses, David, and The Last Judgment.

Leonardo da Vinci

• Leonardo da Vinci was a 15th-century artist, inventor, anatomist, philosopher, and more.
• He lived during the Renaissance in Italy, a time of rebirth and new methods of reasoning and creating.
• He studied art at a young age and was commissioned to make his first works in his twenties.
• His perspective of clarity in artwork featured distant objects as less distinct.
• His most famous works of art include The Adoration of the Magi, The Vitruvian Man, The Last Supper, and The Mona Lisa.
• He is also known for his inventions, including drawings for an armored car, a rudimentary robot, and a flying machine that was a precursor to the helicopter.

The 95 Theses

• The 95 Theses are 95 statements published by Martin Luther in 1517, detailing his opinions about Christian Scripture and Roman Catholic Church practices.
• Luther disagreed with the Church's custom of selling indulgences to pay for sins, arguing that humans could go to heaven simply by having faith in Jesus.
• He was forced to go on trial before the Holy Roman Empire, where he denied committing heresy and was condemned.
• He went into exile, where he translated the Bible into German, allowing all German people to understand the Bible in their own native language.
• The 95 Theses significantly impacted Western religion by questioning Catholicism and provoking the Protestant Reformation.

The Scientific Revolution

• The Scientific Revolution was a rapid series of scientific discoveries in Western Europe during the 17th century.
• Causes of the Scientific Revolution included the rise of empiricism, new inventions, and new discoveries that questioned ancient philosophers.
• The scientific method was formulated during this period, and astronomers discovered that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
• Physicists discovered the forces that made the universe operate, and mathematicians developed ways to simplify computing and data analysis.
• Chemists studied the states of matter, and biologists explored the microscopic world, furthering our understanding of human anatomy.

Medicine and Chemistry

• The 16th and 17th centuries saw medicine and chemistry come into their own as disciplines.
• This occurred due to the increased emphasis on empiricism by scientists, who studied the natural world and the human body through dissections, experimentation, and notation.
• Without these pioneering efforts, medicine and chemistry would not be the highly specialized disciplines they are today.

Astronomy

• Copernicus and Brahe attended universities to study ancient Greek philosophers, where they were introduced to Ptolemy's theory that the Earth was the center of the universe.
• Copernicus suggested a new idea - that the sun was central to the orbiting planets.
• Brahe attempted to bridge the two theories, saying the planets orbited the sun, which, together with the moon, orbited Earth.
• These theories challenged ancient ideals and inspired the modern study of astronomy.

Galileo

• Galileo was one of the fathers of the scientific method, and his experiments were among the first recorded scientific experiments in history.
• His greatest impact was in the field of astronomy, where his improvements on the telescope allowed him to see things like the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus.
• His findings contradicted the established geocentric model of the universe and persuaded Galileo to support the heliocentric model.
• When he refused to stop supporting heliocentrism, the Church ordered him to stop and placed him under house arrest for the rest of his life.

Latin and the Dark Ages

• The Roman Empire spread Latin throughout Europe, but after its fall, interest in educating the masses decreased.
• People in the Dark Ages (476-1066) began to speak in vernacular languages, which became increasingly different from Latin.
• Romance languages, such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian, are heavily influenced by Latin.

Michelangelo

• Michelangelo Buonarroti was a renowned painter, sculptor, innovator, and architect, but considered himself a sculptor above all.
• He was part of the "master trio" of Renaissance art, along with da Vinci and Raphael.
• Michelangelo's work in the Medici gardens influenced his art, and he was introduced to scientists, philosophers, and poets through Lorenzo de Medici.
• His fresco painting on the Sistine Chapel was a groundbreaking feat, and he designed a unique scaffolding system to help him paint.
• Some of his most well-known works include Pieta, Moses, David, and The Last Judgment.

Leonardo da Vinci

• Leonardo da Vinci was a 15th-century artist, inventor, anatomist, philosopher, and more.
• He lived during the Renaissance in Italy, a time of rebirth and new methods of reasoning and creating.
• He studied art at a young age and was commissioned to make his first works in his twenties.
• His perspective of clarity in artwork featured distant objects as less distinct.
• His most famous works of art include The Adoration of the Magi, The Vitruvian Man, The Last Supper, and The Mona Lisa.
• He is also known for his inventions, including drawings for an armored car, a rudimentary robot, and a flying machine that was a precursor to the helicopter.

The 95 Theses

• The 95 Theses are 95 statements published by Martin Luther in 1517, detailing his opinions about Christian Scripture and Roman Catholic Church practices.
• Luther disagreed with the Church's custom of selling indulgences to pay for sins, arguing that humans could go to heaven simply by having faith in Jesus.
• He was forced to go on trial before the Holy Roman Empire, where he denied committing heresy and was condemned.
• He went into exile, where he translated the Bible into German, allowing all German people to understand the Bible in their own native language.
• The 95 Theses significantly impacted Western religion by questioning Catholicism and provoking the Protestant Reformation.

The Scientific Revolution

• The Scientific Revolution was a rapid series of scientific discoveries in Western Europe during the 17th century.
• Causes of the Scientific Revolution included the rise of empiricism, new inventions, and new discoveries that questioned ancient philosophers.
• The scientific method was formulated during this period, and astronomers discovered that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
• Physicists discovered the forces that made the universe operate, and mathematicians developed ways to simplify computing and data analysis.
• Chemists studied the states of matter, and biologists explored the microscopic world, furthering our understanding of human anatomy.

Medicine and Chemistry

• The 16th and 17th centuries saw medicine and chemistry come into their own as disciplines.
• This occurred due to the increased emphasis on empiricism by scientists, who studied the natural world and the human body through dissections, experimentation, and notation.
• Without these pioneering efforts, medicine and chemistry would not be the highly specialized disciplines they are today.

Astronomy

• Copernicus and Brahe attended universities to study ancient Greek philosophers, where they were introduced to Ptolemy's theory that the Earth was the center of the universe.
• Copernicus suggested a new idea - that the sun was central to the orbiting planets.
• Brahe attempted to bridge the two theories, saying the planets orbited the sun, which, together with the moon, orbited Earth.
• These theories challenged ancient ideals and inspired the modern study of astronomy.

Galileo

• Galileo was one of the fathers of the scientific method, and his experiments were among the first recorded scientific experiments in history.
• His greatest impact was in the field of astronomy, where his improvements on the telescope allowed him to see things like the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus.
• His findings contradicted the established geocentric model of the universe and persuaded Galileo to support the heliocentric model.
• When he refused to stop supporting heliocentrism, the Church ordered him to stop and placed him under house arrest for the rest of his life.