Latin Declension Quiz

Latin Declension: Patterns of Latin words based on their endings for grammatical case, number, and gender, and divided into five declensions, with some irregular nouns having exceptions. Adjectives are also declined in two kinds: those like bonus, bona, bonum 'good' use first-declension endings for the feminine, and second-declension for masculine and neuter, while other adjectives belong to the third declension. Pronouns, including personal and third-person pronouns, have their own unique declensions. Latin nouns have up to seven grammatical cases, including the nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, and locative, with the locative limited to a few nouns. Aelius Donatus placed the cases in an order based on the order used by earlier Greek grammarians, with the addition of the ablative, and most European countries still follow this order. Syncretism is common in Latin, where one form in a paradigm shares the ending of another form in the paradigm. Old Latin had two patterns of endings, and there are five declensions for Latin nouns. The first declension includes nouns that usually end in -a in the nominative singular and are mostly feminine, while the second declension is a large group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine and neuter nouns. The third declension is the largest group of nouns, with a special set of i-stem and mixed nouns that are declined differently.Latin Noun and Pronoun Declensions

• Latin nouns have five declensions, each with its own set of endings for the different cases.
• The first declension includes mostly feminine nouns, with the ending -a in the nominative singular and -ae in the genitive singular.
• The second declension includes mostly masculine nouns, with the ending -us in the nominative singular and -ī in the genitive singular.
• The third declension includes a mix of masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns, with no consistent ending in the nominative singular and varying endings in the genitive singular.
• The fourth declension includes mostly masculine nouns with the ending -us in the nominative singular and -ūs in the genitive singular.
• The fifth declension includes mostly feminine nouns, with the ending -ēs or -iēs in the nominative singular and -ēī or -eī in the genitive singular.
• Pronouns have their own declensions, with personal pronouns being irregular and indeclinable for gender.
• Possessive pronouns are essentially adjectives and are declined in the first and second declensions to agree in number and case with the thing possessed.
• Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives are declined like first and second declension adjectives with some differences.
• The third-person pronoun "he, she, it" is usually the weak demonstrative pronoun "that," and it has no possessive adjective.
• Adjectives have comparative and superlative forms, with regular forms adding -ior and -issimus, respectively.
• Numerals are mostly indeclinable, except for the numbers one, two, three, plural hundreds, and thousand, which have cases and genders like adjectives.
• The cardinal numerals are used for counting, while ordinal numerals indicate order or position.Latin Grammar: Numerals, Adverbs, and Peculiarities within Declension

Numerals:

• Different numerals have different declensions
• The plural endings for ūnus are used with plūrālia tantum nouns
• Ambō ('both') is declined like duo
• The numeral centum ('one hundred') is indeclinable, but all the other hundred numerals are declinable
• The word mīlle 'thousand' is a singular indeclinable adjective. However, its plural, mīlia, is a plural third-declension i-stem neuter noun
• The rest of the numbers are indeclinable whether used as adjectives or as nouns

Adverbs and their comparatives and superlatives:

• Adverbs are not declined
• Adverbs from first- and second-declension adjectives are formed by adding -ē onto their stems
• Typically, third declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding -iter to the stem
• Adverbs' comparative forms are identical to the nominative neuter singular of the corresponding comparative adjective
• Adverbs' superlative forms are simply formed by attaching the regular ending -ē to the corresponding superlative adjective
• Irregular adverbs have peculiar comparative and superlative forms

Peculiarities within declension:

• Some nouns are only used in the singular (singulare tantum)
• Some nouns are only used in the plural (plurale tantum), or when plural have a singular meaning
• Indeclinable nouns only have one form in all cases (of the singular)
• Heterogeneous nouns vary in respect to gender
• Plurals can have alternative meanings.