Latin American Politics and Gender Rights
96 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which leader in Latin America focused on gender-identity law and gay rights?

  • Lula da Silva
  • Kristina Fernandez (correct)
  • Bachelet
  • Dilma Rousseff

What significant action did Dilma Rousseff take during her presidency?

  • Introduced Bolsa Familia
  • Established Ministry of Gender Equality
  • Legalized abortion
  • Investigated military abuses (correct)

In what way did Bachelet contribute to women's rights in Chile?

  • Implemented Bolsa Familia
  • Enacted same-sex marriage laws
  • Appointed women to cabinet positions
  • Created the Ministry of Gender Equality (correct)

How does the radical democratic conception of democracy differ from the liberal democratic conception?

<p>It allows more popular participation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the reconciliation of the left with democracy in Latin America aim to achieve?

<p>Promotion of human rights protections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which program was associated with Lula in Brazil for poverty reduction?

<p>Bolsa Familia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key aspect of Left-wing politics in Latin America regarding state action?

<p>Emphasizing deliberate state action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the historical relationship between the left and democracy in Latin America?

<p>Marked by considerable tension and conflicts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a wave of democratization?

<p>A group of transitions from nondemocratic to democratic regimes occurring within a specified timeframe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory contrasts with modernization theory in the culture/structure debate?

<p>Culturalist analysis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the main factors explaining the third wave transitions according to S. Huntington?

<p>Declining legitimacy and economic crises. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon did scholars criticize concerning Huntington's periodization of democratization?

<p>His identification of only three waves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which time frame did the first wave of democratization occur?

<p>1828-1926. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common theme in the transitions paradigm?

<p>Emphasis on structure and agency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of democratization, what have demonstration effects typically influenced?

<p>The spread of democratic norms among similar countries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a significant challenge in analyzing the Arab Spring’s impact on democracy?

<p>The question of whether it constitutes a new wave of democratization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant political change occurred in Latin America around 1998?

<p>A wave of electoral victories for leftist candidates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries is NOT mentioned as having a leftist government in Latin America?

<p>Canada (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a main reason for the rise of leftist governments in Latin America?

<p>Unraveling of the neoliberal consensus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did leftist governments in Chile, Brazil, and Uruguay generally approach economic policies?

<p>They maintained orthodox macroeconomic policies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did the 'Washington Consensus' represent in its early stages?

<p>A framework for trade liberalization and deregulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon indicated that social and economic inequalities were deepening in Latin America?

<p>Surging social movements and mobilization of the opposition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the term 'left' historically defined in the context of Latin American politics?

<p>As an advocacy for public ownership and central planning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'voracity effect' refer to in the context of resource wealth?

<p>The competition among powerful groups for resource windfalls that leads to reduced growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do 'grabber friendly' institutions affect resource wealth?

<p>They are correlated with higher levels of corruption, resulting in lower aggregate income. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical transformation occurred to the concept of 'left' in the 20th century?

<p>It began emphasizing the reduction of social and economic inequalities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can high levels of resource revenues prevent governments from doing?

<p>Extracting taxes from their citizens effectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential negative impact of politicians' reliance on resource wealth?

<p>Decreased motivation to improve institutional quality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might volatile resource revenues affect government planning?

<p>They could shorten a government’s planning horizon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen when politicians dismantle institutions governing natural resource use?

<p>It provides access to resource rents but can lead to negative outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes institutions that are supportive of high levels of corruption?

<p>Grabber friendly institutions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern related to government ownership in the petroleum industry?

<p>It leads to weakened state institutions under certain conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has recent studies indicated about economic growth in oil states over the past fifty years?

<p>It has not significantly hindered growth in developing countries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is one reason oil wealth can strengthen authoritarian governments?

<p>It prolongs the survival of authoritarian rulers in office. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does oil wealth potentially affect transitions to democracy according to studies between 1960 and 2008?

<p>It can impede the transition to democracy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the effects of oil on democratic governments is accurate?

<p>Oil can foster the breakdown of accountability in weaker democratic regimes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of a petro-state's total exports must come from oil for it to be classified as such?

<p>At least 40% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'resource curse' as it relates to oil-rich countries?

<p>Problems arising from the abundance of a natural resource (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does oil wealth have on media freedom in authoritarian regimes?

<p>It reduces media freedom and critical discourse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of petro-states according to the content?

<p>They are highly susceptible to policy failure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of oil wealth for women in oil-rich states according to the content?

<p>Petroleum wealth can limit opportunities for women. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of studies suggests that oil has positive effects on democratic stability?

<p>Some studies argue oil improves stability in democracies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Norway's management of oil wealth differ from that of Nigeria and Angola?

<p>Norway has used its oil rents successfully for development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'capital-intensive' imply in the context of oil extraction?

<p>Involves significant financial investment for equipment and technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the studies examining oil wealth and political regimes?

<p>The relationship between oil wealth and governance structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the dangers of being a petro-state regarding international relations?

<p>Vulnerability to external economic fluctuations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of oil contributes to its classification as a 'strategic good' for many states?

<p>Its role in global industrialization and economic development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor in determining the success or failure of a petro-state?

<p>Type of government and quality of institutions managing oil wealth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor contributing to the rapid economic growth of South-East and East Asian nations before 1997?

<p>Export-driven policies and strategic state intervention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the role of Confucian values in East Asia's economic development?

<p>Fostered discipline and a strong work ethic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one major consequence of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis?

<p>Revelation of weaknesses in financial systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a developmental state?

<p>A state that actively intervenes in order to stimulate economic growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a contributing factor to the political stability in East Asia during its rapid growth period?

<p>Centralization under authoritarian regimes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of South-East and East Asia's economic model was crucial for its development prior to 1997?

<p>Focus on export-oriented industrialization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did foreign aid contribute to the economic growth in South-East and East Asia?

<p>Supported infrastructure development and strategic industries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major criticisms of the export-oriented industrialization model in South-East and East Asia?

<p>It resulted in vulnerabilities during global downturns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event is considered the catalyst for the start of the Arab Spring?

<p>The self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country is often cited as a notable exception in terms of achieving success in democratization following the Arab Spring?

<p>Tunisia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a main characteristic of the mass mobilizations during the Arab Spring?

<p>Demands for regime change and economic reform (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Arab Spring challenge previous notions about Arab states?

<p>It challenged the idea of Arab exceptionalism concerning democratization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'authoritarianism' refer to in a political context?

<p>A political system with limited freedoms, often centered on one leader (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the outcomes of the Arab Spring in many countries?

<p>The reassertion of authoritarian rule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the concepts of 'waves of democratization' categorized according to Huntington?

<p>By historical periods such as first, second, and third waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes 'varieties of sultanism'?

<p>Personalistic regimes with arbitrary rule and dynastic ambitions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between the Beijing Consensus and the Washington Consensus?

<p>The Beijing Consensus encourages economic liberalization and pragmatic policies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Yuen Yuen Ang, what role does institutionalization play in China's economy?

<p>It balances economic flexibility with political control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has characterized China's approach to modernization under Xi Jinping's leadership?

<p>Further consolidation of political power and ideological control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Beijing Consensus suggest countries should develop their economies?

<p>By creating unique pathways that respect local conditions and traditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact can local governance have on economic reforms in China?

<p>It can lead to regional disparities in development outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of China's political system remains evident despite rapid economic modernization?

<p>High centralization of political power within the CCP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic change occurred in India after 1991?

<p>Transition toward market-driven policies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome was associated with India's economic growth from 1980 to 2015?

<p>Average growth of 6.3% annually (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a primary focus of China's economic modernization strategy?

<p>Promoting industrialization and technological innovation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of China's economic strategies as outlined by Yuen Yuen Ang?

<p>China maintains a centralized political structure amidst economic growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor continues to contribute to inequality in India despite economic growth?

<p>Low productivity in agriculture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the BJP utilized Hindu nationalism in politics?

<p>Aligning law with Hindu majoritarianism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiative has Modi emphasized to secure voter trust?

<p>Sanitation projects and rural employment schemes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What political strategy has Modi used concerning minority groups in India?

<p>Creating a division between 'true Indians' and minorities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of economic reforms on interregional inequality in India?

<p>Coastal states advanced while inland states lagged (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the CCP play in maintaining political stability in China?

<p>Using a mix of control and adaptation to maintain power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key aspect of Russia's early strategy in maintaining influence over its neighboring countries?

<p>Establishing the Eurasian Economic Union (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shift occurred in Russia's approach to the post-Soviet space after 2004?

<p>Growing assertiveness in response to NATO expansion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the second generation of frozen conflicts from the first generation?

<p>They are characterized by direct Russian intervention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a major tool in U.S. foreign policy for achieving security objectives?

<p>Military primacy through hard power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor in growing Russian assertiveness towards its neighbors post-2004?

<p>Perception of NATO expansion as a threat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are second-generation frozen conflicts characterized in terms of their geopolitical implications?

<p>Geopolitics prioritizing countering Western influence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary method does the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) use to maintain political loyalty?

<p>Economic dependency through state-owned enterprises (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of U.S. foreign policy reflects soft power?

<p>Cultural influence through education and values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the CCP adapted its governance structures to maintain stability?

<p>Through the institutionalization of control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary driver for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014?

<p>Reacting to NATO's strategic maneuvers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between economic growth and the CCP's legitimacy?

<p>The party derives legitimacy from its ability to deliver growth and stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key characteristic differentiates the Beijing Consensus from the Washington Consensus?

<p>Focus on economic development through state-led policies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has characterized China's economic development post-1978?

<p>State-directed reforms and gradual liberalization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way has Xi Jinping's leadership influenced the CCP?

<p>Increased centralization of power and control over dissent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the CCP's approach to political adaptation?

<p>Remarkable ability to adapt strategies from ideological to pragmatic governance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best indicates the CCP’s method of maintaining social control?

<p>Utilizing significant censorship and surveillance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Left Turn in Latin America

A period in Latin America where leftist parties gained significant political influence, challenging the dominance of neoliberal policies.

Washington Consensus

A set of economic policies advocated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, emphasizing free markets, deregulation, and privatization.

Neoliberalism

A political and economic ideology that promotes free markets, limited government intervention, and individual liberty.

Privatization

The process of transferring government-owned assets to private ownership.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deregulation

The reduction or removal of government regulations on businesses and industries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trade Liberalization

The opening up of national economies to international trade and investment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Latin American Left

A political ideology that emphasizes the reduction of social and economic inequalities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nationalization

The process of taking control of a company or asset by the government.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Liberal Democracy

A political ideology that emphasizes individual rights, limited government, and free markets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Radical Democracy

A form of democracy that seeks to expand participation and empowerment beyond elections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

The Left and Democracy in Latin America

A political system that promotes a focus on equality and social justice through state action and popular mobilization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bolsa Familia

A social welfare program in Brazil that provides financial assistance to low-income families.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deliberate State Action

The use of state power to address social and economic injustices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Redistributing Wealth

A government program that aims to improve the quality of life for the poor by providing financial assistance and social services.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Left-Wing Politics in Latin America

A movement in Latin America that emphasizes progressive politics, social justice, and economic equality.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reconciliation with Democracy

The process of reconciliation between the left and democracy in Latin America after the end of dictatorships.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Petro-State

A state whose main source of revenue comes from selling oil, making up at least 40% of exports and 10% of GDP.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Corruption

The misuse of public power or resources for private gain, usually illegal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Resource Curse

The negative impact of large natural resource wealth on a country's economic development and political stability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Natural Heritage

A natural resource found in a country, like oil.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Motor of Industrialization

The global economic impact of oil as a crucial fuel source for industries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Delectability

Oil is desirable as a commodity, often in high demand.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Volatility

Oil prices fluctuate greatly, causing economic booms and busts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High Capital Intensity

Oil production requires significant capital investment and sophisticated technology.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modernization Theory

The theory suggesting that economic development leads to a shift from traditional societies towards modern, democratic ones. Focuses on broad structural changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Culturalist Analysis

Emphasizes cultural factors like values, beliefs, and traditions as the primary driver of political change. Focuses on the unique aspects of each society.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wave of Democratization

A period where a significant number of countries transition from non-democratic to democratic regimes within a specific timeframe.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reverse Wave of Democratization

A period of democratic decline where more transitions occur from democratic to non-democratic regimes than the other way around.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Third Wave of Democratization

A major shift towards democracy that took place between 1974 onwards. It was initially largely confined to the Western world, but later had global impact.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Demonstration Effects

A significant factor in the Third Wave where a successful democratic transition in one country encourages similar transitions in others, often in nearby or culturally similar countries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Agency in Democratization

The idea that leaders have the capacity to influence political change. This complements the focus on structural forces influencing democratization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Structure in Democratization

Refers to the role of existing power structures and institutions in shaping democratization processes. This includes existing power imbalances and existing norms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oil and Democracy

The idea that countries with more oil resources are less likely to transition to democracy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oil's Impact on Authoritarianism

The theory that high oil revenue can actually strengthen authoritarian regimes and prevent them from becoming democratic.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oil's Mixed Effects on Democracies

The potential for oil wealth to destabilize democracies, particularly those with weak institutions or lower wealth, making them vulnerable to authoritarianism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oil Curse Myth?

The argument that oil-producing countries' economic growth rates don't tend to be significantly lower than other countries, contradicting the notion of an 'oil curse.'

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oil's Effect on Gender

The idea that oil wealth can negatively influence gender equality, leading to fewer opportunities for women.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oil's Role in Maintaining Authoritarianism

The argument that oil revenue can be used to maintain authoritarian rule by prolonging the tenure of leaders and suppressing dissenting voices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oil's Conditional Impact on Democracy

The suggestion that oil wealth may actually benefit democracy in stable, wealthy democracies with strong institutions. However, in poorer or less institutionalized democracies, it might weaken accountability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oil's Influence on Survival of Autocrats

The observation that oil revenue may help autocratic governments by reducing the risk of uprisings and even enabling them to survive revolts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How Resource Wealth Impacts Institutions

The negative impact of easily exploitable natural resources on the quality of institutions. It argues that oil wealth can lead to corruption, weaken the rule of law, and make governments less accountable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conditionality / Government Ownership

The concept that oil wealth can lead to increased government control over oil production and a weakened state capacity. This can happen when a government uses its oil revenues to reduce its reliance on traditional taxation, weakening its connections with citizens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Voracity Effect in Resource-Rich Countries

The idea that oil wealth, in the presence of weak institutions, can exacerbate income inequality. Powerful groups compete for control of oil revenues, leading to less capital investment and economic growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Institutional Quality and Resource Wealth

The concept that a country's institutions can influence how resource wealth affects economic growth. Strong institutions, with less corruption and good governance, can harness oil wealth for positive development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Short-Term Perspective in Oil-Rich States

The phenomenon where oil wealth can lead to a short-sighted government that prioritizes immediate gains over long-term investments in infrastructure and human capital.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oil Wealth & Political Competition

The argument that oil wealth, particularly when the government has a dominant role in the industry, can encourage incompetent candidates to enter public office.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Resource Dependence and Economic Diversification

A situation where oil wealth can lead to a focus on extracting and exporting oil, neglecting other industries that may benefit the long-term economic development of a nation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Democratization

The process of transitioning from authoritarian rule to a democratic system, characterized by expanded political freedoms and participation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Authoritarianism

A political system where power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a small group, with limited political freedoms and often suppression of dissent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sultanism

A type of authoritarian regime characterized by arbitrary rule by a single leader, often passed on within families, and a blurred line between public and private resources.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Arab Spring

The widespread protests and uprisings that swept across the Arab world, beginning in late 2010, demanding regime change, democracy, and economic reform.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Arab Exceptionalism

The idea that Arab countries are inherently resistant to democracy, often cited as a reason for the limited success of the Arab Spring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Developmental State

The state plays an active role in promoting industrialization, improving infrastructure, and driving economic growth. It intervenes to steer and support economic activity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Confucian Values

A system of values, beliefs, and practices in East Asia, particularly China, Japan, and Korea, that emphasizes social harmony, hierarchy, respect for elders, and education. This can influence economic development by promoting a disciplined and hardworking workforce.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI)

The strategy of focusing on exporting manufactured goods to drive economic growth. This was a key factor in the rapid development of East Asian economies in the post-World War II period.

Signup and view all the flashcards

State-Led Development

The use of government policies and interventions to guide economic activity, such as providing subsidies to specific industries, investing in infrastructure, and regulating markets. This has been a key element in the development of East Asian economies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

China's Economic Development

China's economic growth since 1978, marked by a gradual shift towards a market-oriented system while still maintaining state involvement, liberalization, and integration into the global economy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beijing Consensus

A development model promoted by China that emphasizes state-led economic policies, prioritizing national development and economic stability over liberal ideology.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Authoritarian Resilience

The ability of China's government to maintain authoritarian control while simultaneously implementing economic reforms and integrating into the global market.

Signup and view all the flashcards

CCP's Political Adaptation

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s strategy of adapting its governance methods to maintain stability, including using economic development to create legitimacy and controlling dissent through censorship and surveillance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

CCP's Institutionalized Control

The CCP's centralized control over its political processes through institutional mechanisms aimed at limiting dissent and promoting the CCP's agenda. This includes using both ideological and economic tools.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modernization and Autocratization

How countries like China modernize their economies without adopting democratic political systems, often by maintaining authoritarian control.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Institutionalization in China

The process of establishing and strengthening institutions to support economic development and stability. In China's context, it involves balancing economic flexibility with political control under the CCP.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Economic Modernization in China

The rapid economic development in China characterized by industrialization, infrastructure growth, and increased trade. This modernization is driven by state-led policies and technological innovation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Political Autocratization in China

The concentrated political power vested in the CCP, despite economic modernization. This is characterized by centralized control, suppression of dissent, and ideological direction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Local Governance in China's Reforms

Local governments play a significant role in implementing national reforms, but this can lead to disparities in development across different regions of China. This uneven development can create challenges in ensuring consistent economic growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Authoritarian Politics in China

China, despite its economic modernization, maintains strong political authority by the CCP, using various methods to control the political climate. It emphasizes state control and centralized governance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Xi Jinping's Leadership and China's Politics

Under Xi Jinping's leadership, China has further consolidated power, strengthening ideological control and suppressing dissent. This has led to a tightening of political control and a shift towards a more assertive form of governance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's Economic Reforms (1991)

Economic reforms in India since 1991 aimed to open markets, attract foreign investment, and move from state control to market-driven policies. This included abolishing licensing requirements for businesses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Economic Growth and Inequality in India

India's GDP growth averaged 6.3% annually from 1980 to 2015, thanks to economic reforms. However, this growth led to uneven development, with coastal states like Gujarat and Kerala prospering more than inland regions. Poverty persisted in rural areas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modi's Policy Initiatives in India

Prime Minister Modi's policies focused on mass welfare programs like sanitation projects, rural employment schemes, and housing for the poor, aiming to secure voter trust and legitimacy. He also emphasized increasing state efficiency and broadening the tax base.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drivers of India's Economic Growth

India's economic growth is mainly driven by services and domestic consumption. However, a significant portion of the workforce still depends on low-productivity agriculture, contributing to the urban-rural divide and inequality.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hindutva and Statecraft in India

The BJP, India's ruling party, has used Hindu nationalist ideology to align law and politics with Hindu majoritarianism, sometimes seen as marginalizing minorities. This has led to policies like the revocation of Kashmir's special status.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modi and Authoritarian Populism

The rise of Narendra Modi has been linked to authoritarian populism, where he consolidates power by creating a divide between 'true Indians' and minorities, often targeting Muslims. This has been accompanied by the use of laws to advance Hindu nationalism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Russia's "Near Abroad"

A region encompassing former Soviet territories, where Russia seeks to maintain influence and control.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Russia's "Belt of Neighbors"

A post-Soviet Russian strategy aimed at maintaining influence in neighboring states like Belarus, Ukraine, and Central Asia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

First Generation Frozen Conflicts

A term referencing conflicts that arose in the 1990s after the USSR's collapse, often based on ethnic tensions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Second Generation Frozen Conflicts

A term for conflicts that emerged after 2008, driven by geopolitical factors, such as Russia's opposition to NATO expansion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Geopolitics over Ethno-politics

The deliberate use of conflict by Russia to counter Western influence and assert its power.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Russia's Approach to the Post-Soviet Space

Maintaining influence in former Soviet territories by using economic integration, pressure, and sometimes military intervention.

Signup and view all the flashcards

The Eurasian Economic Union (EEU)

A geopolitical entity encompassing parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, with Russia as the central power.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nagorno-Karabakh

A disputed region between Armenia and Azerbaijan, with a majority Armenian population, that was a flashpoint for conflict in the 1990s and 2020.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Leftist Governments in Latin America

  • An unprecedented wave of leftist electoral victories has swept through Latin America since 1998, marked by the election of Hugo Chávez.
  • The number of left-leaning governments and leftist alternatives has grown in countries previously not dominated by the left, even emerging in countries where the left had not held power (e.g., Mexico, Panamá, Costa Rica, Honduras, Peru, Colombia).
  • Neoliberal policies, including trade liberalization, deregulation, and privatization, were common in the region in the 1990s but have since unravelled, creating an environment for opposition mobilization.
  • Leftist parties show diversified experiences, ranging from orthodox macroeconomic policies to more statist and redistributive models.
  • There's a combination of different approaches, such as institutionalized parties, movements, populist leaders, and characteristics, which result in a diverse experience.
  • Populism and left-leaning movements show overlap but can also be analytically distinct, manifested in various leaders and government programs and ideologies; some countries combined populist strategies with established parties, others used popular movements, and the roles of leaders varied.

Explanations for the "Left Turn"

  • Inequality was a major driver as large segments of the population struggled under poverty; the rise in leftists stems from a large group of poor people voting for those parties who fought against this issue.
  • Institutionalization of electoral competition allowed leftist parties to organize and compete openly following democratic transitions.
  • The economic crisis of the 1990s and 2000's created an opening for leftist alternatives.
  • The fall of the Soviet Union brought about an era of human rights, focus on democracy, and the creation of the Rome Statute. There was also a US shift in focus towards the Middle East following 9/11.

Typologies of Left-wing Governments

  • "Radical/wrong left": characterized by personalistic leadership, statist economic policies, and autocratic rule (e.g., Venezuela).
  • "Moderate/right left": features institutionalized, market-oriented, and democratic structures (e.g., Chile, Brazil, Uruguay).
  • Other classifications include "populist machine" (e.g., Argentina's Peronist movement) and various "populist left" movements. The presence of diverse leaders and characteristics within this broader category highlights its complexity.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

International Politics: Leftist Governments in Latin America PDF
Latin American Left Turn PDF

Description

Explore key questions about recent political leaders in Latin America and their contributions to gender-identity law, gay rights, and women's rights. This quiz delves into the complexities of left-wing politics, the concept of democracy, and significant poverty reduction programs. Test your knowledge on how these factors play a role in the political landscape of the region.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser