Latin American Politics and Gender Rights
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Questions and Answers

Which leader in Latin America focused on gender-identity law and gay rights?

  • Lula da Silva
  • Kristina Fernandez (correct)
  • Bachelet
  • Dilma Rousseff

    • What significant action did Dilma Rousseff take during her presidency?

  • Introduced Bolsa Familia
  • Established Ministry of Gender Equality
  • Legalized abortion
  • Investigated military abuses (correct)

    • In what way did Bachelet contribute to women's rights in Chile?

  • Implemented Bolsa Familia
  • Enacted same-sex marriage laws
  • Appointed women to cabinet positions
  • Created the Ministry of Gender Equality (correct)

    • How does the radical democratic conception of democracy differ from the liberal democratic conception?

    <p>It allows more popular participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the reconciliation of the left with democracy in Latin America aim to achieve?

    <p>Promotion of human rights protections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which program was associated with Lula in Brazil for poverty reduction?

    <p>Bolsa Familia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key aspect of Left-wing politics in Latin America regarding state action?

    <p>Emphasizing deliberate state action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the historical relationship between the left and democracy in Latin America?

    <p>Marked by considerable tension and conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a wave of democratization?

    <p>A group of transitions from nondemocratic to democratic regimes occurring within a specified timeframe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory contrasts with modernization theory in the culture/structure debate?

    <p>Culturalist analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the main factors explaining the third wave transitions according to S. Huntington?

    <p>Declining legitimacy and economic crises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon did scholars criticize concerning Huntington's periodization of democratization?

    <p>His identification of only three waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which time frame did the first wave of democratization occur?

    <p>1828-1926.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common theme in the transitions paradigm?

    <p>Emphasis on structure and agency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of democratization, what have demonstration effects typically influenced?

    <p>The spread of democratic norms among similar countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a significant challenge in analyzing the Arab Spring’s impact on democracy?

    <p>The question of whether it constitutes a new wave of democratization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant political change occurred in Latin America around 1998?

    <p>A wave of electoral victories for leftist candidates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries is NOT mentioned as having a leftist government in Latin America?

    <p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a main reason for the rise of leftist governments in Latin America?

    <p>Unraveling of the neoliberal consensus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did leftist governments in Chile, Brazil, and Uruguay generally approach economic policies?

    <p>They maintained orthodox macroeconomic policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did the 'Washington Consensus' represent in its early stages?

    <p>A framework for trade liberalization and deregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon indicated that social and economic inequalities were deepening in Latin America?

    <p>Surging social movements and mobilization of the opposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the term 'left' historically defined in the context of Latin American politics?

    <p>As an advocacy for public ownership and central planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'voracity effect' refer to in the context of resource wealth?

    <p>The competition among powerful groups for resource windfalls that leads to reduced growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do 'grabber friendly' institutions affect resource wealth?

    <p>They are correlated with higher levels of corruption, resulting in lower aggregate income.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical transformation occurred to the concept of 'left' in the 20th century?

    <p>It began emphasizing the reduction of social and economic inequalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can high levels of resource revenues prevent governments from doing?

    <p>Extracting taxes from their citizens effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential negative impact of politicians' reliance on resource wealth?

    <p>Decreased motivation to improve institutional quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might volatile resource revenues affect government planning?

    <p>They could shorten a government’s planning horizon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen when politicians dismantle institutions governing natural resource use?

    <p>It provides access to resource rents but can lead to negative outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes institutions that are supportive of high levels of corruption?

    <p>Grabber friendly institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern related to government ownership in the petroleum industry?

    <p>It leads to weakened state institutions under certain conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent studies indicated about economic growth in oil states over the past fifty years?

    <p>It has not significantly hindered growth in developing countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is one reason oil wealth can strengthen authoritarian governments?

    <p>It prolongs the survival of authoritarian rulers in office.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does oil wealth potentially affect transitions to democracy according to studies between 1960 and 2008?

    <p>It can impede the transition to democracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of oil on democratic governments is accurate?

    <p>Oil can foster the breakdown of accountability in weaker democratic regimes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of a petro-state's total exports must come from oil for it to be classified as such?

    <p>At least 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'resource curse' as it relates to oil-rich countries?

    <p>Problems arising from the abundance of a natural resource</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does oil wealth have on media freedom in authoritarian regimes?

    <p>It reduces media freedom and critical discourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of petro-states according to the content?

    <p>They are highly susceptible to policy failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of oil wealth for women in oil-rich states according to the content?

    <p>Petroleum wealth can limit opportunities for women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of studies suggests that oil has positive effects on democratic stability?

    <p>Some studies argue oil improves stability in democracies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Norway's management of oil wealth differ from that of Nigeria and Angola?

    <p>Norway has used its oil rents successfully for development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'capital-intensive' imply in the context of oil extraction?

    <p>Involves significant financial investment for equipment and technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the studies examining oil wealth and political regimes?

    <p>The relationship between oil wealth and governance structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the dangers of being a petro-state regarding international relations?

    <p>Vulnerability to external economic fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of oil contributes to its classification as a 'strategic good' for many states?

    <p>Its role in global industrialization and economic development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor in determining the success or failure of a petro-state?

    <p>Type of government and quality of institutions managing oil wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor contributing to the rapid economic growth of South-East and East Asian nations before 1997?

    <p>Export-driven policies and strategic state intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes the role of Confucian values in East Asia's economic development?

    <p>Fostered discipline and a strong work ethic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major consequence of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis?

    <p>Revelation of weaknesses in financial systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a developmental state?

    <p>A state that actively intervenes in order to stimulate economic growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a contributing factor to the political stability in East Asia during its rapid growth period?

    <p>Centralization under authoritarian regimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of South-East and East Asia's economic model was crucial for its development prior to 1997?

    <p>Focus on export-oriented industrialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did foreign aid contribute to the economic growth in South-East and East Asia?

    <p>Supported infrastructure development and strategic industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the major criticisms of the export-oriented industrialization model in South-East and East Asia?

    <p>It resulted in vulnerabilities during global downturns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event is considered the catalyst for the start of the Arab Spring?

    <p>The self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is often cited as a notable exception in terms of achieving success in democratization following the Arab Spring?

    <p>Tunisia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a main characteristic of the mass mobilizations during the Arab Spring?

    <p>Demands for regime change and economic reform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Arab Spring challenge previous notions about Arab states?

    <p>It challenged the idea of Arab exceptionalism concerning democratization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'authoritarianism' refer to in a political context?

    <p>A political system with limited freedoms, often centered on one leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the outcomes of the Arab Spring in many countries?

    <p>The reassertion of authoritarian rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the concepts of 'waves of democratization' categorized according to Huntington?

    <p>By historical periods such as first, second, and third waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes 'varieties of sultanism'?

    <p>Personalistic regimes with arbitrary rule and dynastic ambitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between the Beijing Consensus and the Washington Consensus?

    <p>The Beijing Consensus encourages economic liberalization and pragmatic policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Yuen Yuen Ang, what role does institutionalization play in China's economy?

    <p>It balances economic flexibility with political control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has characterized China's approach to modernization under Xi Jinping's leadership?

    <p>Further consolidation of political power and ideological control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Beijing Consensus suggest countries should develop their economies?

    <p>By creating unique pathways that respect local conditions and traditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact can local governance have on economic reforms in China?

    <p>It can lead to regional disparities in development outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of China's political system remains evident despite rapid economic modernization?

    <p>High centralization of political power within the CCP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic change occurred in India after 1991?

    <p>Transition toward market-driven policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome was associated with India's economic growth from 1980 to 2015?

    <p>Average growth of 6.3% annually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a primary focus of China's economic modernization strategy?

    <p>Promoting industrialization and technological innovation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of China's economic strategies as outlined by Yuen Yuen Ang?

    <p>China maintains a centralized political structure amidst economic growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor continues to contribute to inequality in India despite economic growth?

    <p>Low productivity in agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the BJP utilized Hindu nationalism in politics?

    <p>Aligning law with Hindu majoritarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiative has Modi emphasized to secure voter trust?

    <p>Sanitation projects and rural employment schemes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What political strategy has Modi used concerning minority groups in India?

    <p>Creating a division between 'true Indians' and minorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of economic reforms on interregional inequality in India?

    <p>Coastal states advanced while inland states lagged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the CCP play in maintaining political stability in China?

    <p>Using a mix of control and adaptation to maintain power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key aspect of Russia's early strategy in maintaining influence over its neighboring countries?

    <p>Establishing the Eurasian Economic Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shift occurred in Russia's approach to the post-Soviet space after 2004?

    <p>Growing assertiveness in response to NATO expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the second generation of frozen conflicts from the first generation?

    <p>They are characterized by direct Russian intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a major tool in U.S. foreign policy for achieving security objectives?

    <p>Military primacy through hard power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor in growing Russian assertiveness towards its neighbors post-2004?

    <p>Perception of NATO expansion as a threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are second-generation frozen conflicts characterized in terms of their geopolitical implications?

    <p>Geopolitics prioritizing countering Western influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary method does the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) use to maintain political loyalty?

    <p>Economic dependency through state-owned enterprises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of U.S. foreign policy reflects soft power?

    <p>Cultural influence through education and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the CCP adapted its governance structures to maintain stability?

    <p>Through the institutionalization of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary driver for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014?

    <p>Reacting to NATO's strategic maneuvers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between economic growth and the CCP's legitimacy?

    <p>The party derives legitimacy from its ability to deliver growth and stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key characteristic differentiates the Beijing Consensus from the Washington Consensus?

    <p>Focus on economic development through state-led policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has characterized China's economic development post-1978?

    <p>State-directed reforms and gradual liberalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way has Xi Jinping's leadership influenced the CCP?

    <p>Increased centralization of power and control over dissent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the CCP's approach to political adaptation?

    <p>Remarkable ability to adapt strategies from ideological to pragmatic governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best indicates the CCP’s method of maintaining social control?

    <p>Utilizing significant censorship and surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Leftist Governments in Latin America

    • An unprecedented wave of leftist electoral victories has swept through Latin America since 1998, marked by the election of Hugo Chávez.
    • The number of left-leaning governments and leftist alternatives has grown in countries previously not dominated by the left, even emerging in countries where the left had not held power (e.g., Mexico, Panamá, Costa Rica, Honduras, Peru, Colombia).
    • Neoliberal policies, including trade liberalization, deregulation, and privatization, were common in the region in the 1990s but have since unravelled, creating an environment for opposition mobilization.
    • Leftist parties show diversified experiences, ranging from orthodox macroeconomic policies to more statist and redistributive models.
    • There's a combination of different approaches, such as institutionalized parties, movements, populist leaders, and characteristics, which result in a diverse experience.
    • Populism and left-leaning movements show overlap but can also be analytically distinct, manifested in various leaders and government programs and ideologies; some countries combined populist strategies with established parties, others used popular movements, and the roles of leaders varied.

    Explanations for the "Left Turn"

    • Inequality was a major driver as large segments of the population struggled under poverty; the rise in leftists stems from a large group of poor people voting for those parties who fought against this issue.
    • Institutionalization of electoral competition allowed leftist parties to organize and compete openly following democratic transitions.
    • The economic crisis of the 1990s and 2000's created an opening for leftist alternatives.
    • The fall of the Soviet Union brought about an era of human rights, focus on democracy, and the creation of the Rome Statute. There was also a US shift in focus towards the Middle East following 9/11.

    Typologies of Left-wing Governments

    • "Radical/wrong left": characterized by personalistic leadership, statist economic policies, and autocratic rule (e.g., Venezuela).
    • "Moderate/right left": features institutionalized, market-oriented, and democratic structures (e.g., Chile, Brazil, Uruguay).
    • Other classifications include "populist machine" (e.g., Argentina's Peronist movement) and various "populist left" movements. The presence of diverse leaders and characteristics within this broader category highlights its complexity.

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    Related Documents

    International Politics: Leftist Governments in Latin America PDF
    Latin American Left Turn PDF

    Description

    Explore key questions about recent political leaders in Latin America and their contributions to gender-identity law, gay rights, and women's rights. This quiz delves into the complexities of left-wing politics, the concept of democracy, and significant poverty reduction programs. Test your knowledge on how these factors play a role in the political landscape of the region.

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