Late Modernism and New Formalism

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Questions and Answers

What feature of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank building helps break down its scale visually and socially?

Mirrored 'sunscoop'

Large dealers' room

Bridges between the masts (correct)

High-speed lifts

How does the design of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank prioritize office flexibility?

Using easily reconfigurable office layouts (correct)

Through the application of high-speed technology

Incorporating static dealer spaces

By using permanent office layouts

What purpose does the mirrored 'sunscoop' in the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank serve?

To reflect sunlight into the public plaza below (correct)

To create an additional retail space

To provide structural support to the building

To enhance the aesthetic appeal of the banking hall

What is the intended function of the banking hall in the design of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank?

To function as a shop window for banking Signup and view all the answers

Which architect is credited with the design of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank?

Norman Foster Signup and view all the answers

What architectural style is embodied in the Beckman Auditorium as designed by Edward Durell Stone?

New Formalism Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is a characteristic of the Beckman Auditorium?

Diamond-shaped capitals Signup and view all the answers

What concept does the design of the New Delhi American Embassy primarily reflect?

A mix of traditional and modern architecture Signup and view all the answers

What did Edward Durell Stone aim to impart in his designs, including the Beckman Auditorium?

A sense of beauty Signup and view all the answers

How is the Gallery of Modern Art (2 Columbus Circle) described by Ada Louise Huxtable?

A die-cut Venetian palazzo on lollipops Signup and view all the answers

What architectural style did Archigram primarily represent?

Neofuturism Signup and view all the answers

What does the design of the New Delhi American Embassy symbolize?

The might and power of the United States Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the Beckman Auditorium completed?

1962 Signup and view all the answers

Which member of Archigram is recognized as the 'hidden hand' behind the group?

Theo Crosby Signup and view all the answers

Which university is home to the Beckman Auditorium?

California Institute of Technology Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Archigram's architectural experiments?

High tech and survival technology Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant exhibition mounted by Archigram in 1963?

Living Cities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a project created by Archigram?

Plug-in-City Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect was notably neglected in Archigram's vision of the future?

Social and environmental issues Signup and view all the answers

What did Theo Crosby express about Archigram's changing focus in 1973?

They became interested in subtle technology integration. Signup and view all the answers

Who financially supported Archigram and later nominated them for the RIBA Royal Gold Medal?

David Rock Signup and view all the answers

What art movement did the gallery's collection oppose?

Abstract Expressionism Signup and view all the answers

Which architect was chosen to design the gallery?

Edward Durell Stone Signup and view all the answers

What material was used for the exterior veneer of the building?

Vermont Imperial Dandy marble Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant feature of the building's design that addressed site dimensions?

A ground-floor arcade Signup and view all the answers

What design style influenced the columns used in the gallery's facade?

Venetian Gothic Signup and view all the answers

What movement did Edward Durell Stone's design precede?

Postmodernism Signup and view all the answers

The Gallery of Modern Art represents a pivotal point in which genre of architecture?

Modern architecture Signup and view all the answers

How did the design of the gallery challenge established ideals?

By incorporating ornamental features into a modern structure Signup and view all the answers

What architectural style is prominently displayed in the Centre Pompidou?

High-tech architecture Signup and view all the answers

What significant feature does the Centre Pompidou's west facade include?

A zigzagging escalator Signup and view all the answers

Which architect is NOT associated with the design of the Centre Pompidou?

Norman Foster Signup and view all the answers

How does the architectural design of the Centre Pompidou benefit the interior space?

By maximizing open space through external structures Signup and view all the answers

What was a critical requirement for the construction of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank?

To create a building over one million square feet quickly Signup and view all the answers

What structural innovation is highlighted in the design of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank?

A suspension structure with steel masts Signup and view all the answers

What visual characteristic is noted in the building form of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank?

A stepped profile with multiple towers Signup and view all the answers

What does the atrium in the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank allow for?

Natural lighting and ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of high-tech architecture?

Exposed structures with brightly colored functional elements Signup and view all the answers

Which architectural style links modernism with postmodernism?

High-tech Signup and view all the answers

What notable feature distinguishes high-tech buildings from traditional buildings?

Functional elements placed on the exterior Signup and view all the answers

Who were the architects associated with the design of the Centre Pompidou?

Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano Signup and view all the answers

Which materials are commonly used in high-tech architecture?

Steel, aluminum, and glass Signup and view all the answers

What concept does high-tech architecture emphasize in its design?

The object itself over its functional use of space Signup and view all the answers

What was the societal context in which high-tech architecture emerged?

An interest in technological advancements post-Apollo moon landings Signup and view all the answers

What type of interior layout is common in high-tech buildings?

Open and adaptable spaces for multiple uses Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Late Modernism

Late Modernism encompasses architectural styles including New Formalism, Metabolism, Archigram, and High-Tech.
New Formalism, developed in the mid-1950s and 1970s, reacted against the rigid International Style.
Prominent New Formalism architects include Edward Durell Stone, Philip Johnson, and Minoru Yamasaki.
Buildings often combine classical design concepts with new materials and technologies.
The style was popular for high-profile locations, such as Los Angeles Music Center, and college campuses.

New Formalism

This architectural style emerged in reaction to the International Style.
Major architects associated with this style are Edward Durrell Stone, Philip Johnson, and Minoru Yamasaki.
New Formalism combines decorative elements (classical precedents) with new technology and materials from the International Style.
Key examples include the LA Forum (1967), by Charles Luckman.
The style often used expensive materials like travertine, marble, and granite.
Buildings were frequently set on podiums.
Features included smooth surfaces, delicate details, and formal landscapes (using pools, fountains, sculpture).

Beckman Auditorium

Beckman Auditorium sits on the Caltech campus in Pasadena.
Designed by Edward Durell Stone in 1964, it incorporates a modern interpretation of a circular Roman temple.
A continuous peristyle of diamond-shaped capitals surrounds the building.
This style uses a combination of historic forms with modern materials.

New Delhi American Embassy

The New Delhi American Embassy designed by Edward Durell Stone in 1954, blended aspects of both Eastern and Western design features.
This building is viewed as a launchpad for New Formalism.

Gallery of Modern Art (2 Columbus Circle)

Located on a small island at Columbus Circle, this building was completed by Edward Durell Stone in 1964.
The style is considered a turning point in Stone's career, showcasing a significant shift towards ornament on a modern structure
This building is a representative example of modern architecture with decorative features.
The overall style features a 10 story poured concrete structure, featuring an exterior designed by Stone.

Archigram

Archigram (1960s) was a group formed at the Architectural Association in London.
It was a style of Avant-garde architectural group.
Archigram's work often used futuristic, anti-heroic, and pro-consumerist designs and technologies.
Architects known to be associated with this movement are Peter Cook, Warren Chalk, Ron Herron and Dennis Crompton.
Their designs incorporated modular technology for their mobility around urban environments.

Metabolism

This Japanese movement (1960-1970s) emerged in response to post-WW2 urban reconstruction needs.
Kenzo Tange, and his students (such as Fumihiko Maki, Masato Otaka, Kiyonari Kikutake, and Kisho Kurokawa) were prominent members.
Metabolism rejected static urban planning, emphasizing organic growth, expansion, and adaptability.
The style embraced recycling, prefabrication, and adaptable infrastructure (reconfigurable pods or units) for replaceable components.
A key building considered indicative of this movement is the Nakagin Capsule Building in Tokyo.

High-Tech

This architectural style arose in the 1970s,
This was a movement developed out of late modernism.
The movement highlighted technological advancements in materials and construction.
Key aspects of this movement include visible structural systems, metallic finishes, pre-fabricated building materials and open adaptable interiors.
Architectural works using this style can be identified by visible support beams, ductwork and other functional elements that are featured in the building's exterior.
Notable architects associated include Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, Renzo Piano, Michael Hopkins, and Jean Nouvel.
A key example of High-Tech architecture is the Centre Pompidou, a complex building with a visible, often colourful, technical infrastructure.
Another example is Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank, noted for its use of prefabrication as well as innovative architectural features

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Description

Explore the fascinating architecture of Late Modernism and its reaction to the International Style through New Formalism. Discover key architects like Edward Durell Stone and Minoru Yamasaki, as well as significant buildings that exemplify this style. This quiz covers the blend of classical design with innovative materials and technologies.