Late Childhood Development Overview

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes the cognitive development of children in late childhood according to Piaget?

  • They are capable of systematic experimentation.
  • They can only logically perceive immediate situations. (correct)
  • They can think abstractly about hypothetical situations.
  • They have fully developed reasoning abilities.

Which of the following best represents the capabilities of concrete operational thinkers?

  • They are able to predict outcomes of complex scenarios.
  • They can manipulate and reorganize thoughts in many ways.
  • They can reason about multiple variables simultaneously.
  • They can apply learned concepts to tangible situations. (correct)

How do cognitive abilities of children in late childhood affect their schoolwork?

  • Reading texts become longer and problem-solving becomes common. (correct)
  • Cognitive abilities cause a decrease in attention span.
  • Schoolwork becomes easier due to enhanced abstract thinking.
  • They know how to approach tasks without much effort.

What interest might develop in late childhood as cognitive abilities improve?

<p>Interest in future ambitions and potential careers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation do children in the concrete operational stage still face?

<p>They struggle with reasoning and logical thinking in complex situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reasoning ability is less developed in children during late childhood?

<p>Abstract reasoning about non-concrete situations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area do children exhibit improvement during late childhood?

<p>Using fine motor skills in tasks like writing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant cognitive change occurs concerning children's problem-solving abilities?

<p>Less reliance on trial and error methods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age range defines late childhood?

<p>9 through 12 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of early puberty in girls?

<p>Increase in testicle size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much weight do children in late childhood typically gain per year?

<p>2.3 to 3.2 kilograms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During late childhood, which physical development can be observed in boys?

<p>Semen may be released during sleep (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical change is typically NOT associated with late childhood?

<p>Rapid fluctuations in height (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the first signs of puberty in girls?

<p>Budding breasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What body change occurs in children as they approach adolescence?

<p>Increase in body fat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about muscle development during late childhood is correct?

<p>Muscle development occurs at a slow and steady pace. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enhances older children's ability to concentrate and focus for extended periods?

<p>Tasks that match their attention requirements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can creativity in children be supported effectively?

<p>By celebrating uniqueness and breaking stereotypes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the 'Reading to Learn' stage?

<p>Children have a wide vocabulary enabling comprehension of unknown words (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does media play in children's development?

<p>It provides opportunities for collaboration and goal setting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach should be taken by caregivers to promote safe risk-taking in children?

<p>Recognizing and participating in their growth and development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enhances children's creativity according to the discussed criteria?

<p>Providing guidance and support during tasks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant personality trait of children that contributes to cognitive development?

<p>Natural curiosity and openness to explore (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option is NOT a suggestion for book selection for children in the 'Reading to Learn' stage?

<p>Choosing books that lack engagement and discussion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Late Childhood Motor Skills

Children (ages 10-11) develop better coordination, enjoying sports like swimming, basketball, and running. Boys generally excel in large muscle activities, while girls might perform better in fine motor skills (like crafts and instruments by age 8).

Body Composition Differences

Girls often appear 'chubby', while boys develop leaner muscle mass. These differences are normal and become more noticeable during adolescence.

Concrete Operational Thinking (Piaget)

Children in this stage can organize thoughts, apply learned logic to hands-on situations, but their thinking is limited to what they can directly experience or manipulate.

Late Childhood Insecurities

Children may develop concerns about their physical attributes. Girls may worry about their weight, while boys might be concerned about muscle size and strength.

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Increased Cognitive Complexity

Schoolwork becomes more challenging, reading materials more complex, and problem-solving skills become more developed. Children start to think about future possibilities.

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Fine Motor Skill Development

By age 8, fine motor skills improve, allowing children to write more neatly with smaller letters and numbers. They may also improve in activities like crafts and playing musical instruments.

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Reading Development

Older children use prior knowledge and vocabulary from previous experiences to understand new words from context.

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"Reading to Learn" Stage

Older children's reading should be personalized by considering their interests and personalities.

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Attention Span

Older children have longer and more flexible attention spans than younger children, but it depends on the task's demands.

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Creativity in Children

Children are naturally curious and creative, needing guidance and support to flourish.

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Encouraging Creativity

Encouraging different responses, celebrating uniqueness, minimizing competition, and emphasizing the process over the product fosters creativity.

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Impact of Media

Media like television and computers enhance communication, collaboration, technological skills, problem-solving, and independent information-seeking.

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Child Care, Education and Parenting

Child care providers, educators, and parents must recognize and nurture a child's natural curiosity, allowing children to take risks, make discoveries, and develop essential skills.

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Late Childhood Ages

The period of development from ages 9 to 12, sometimes referred to as preteen years

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Physical Development in Late Childhood

Physical changes in this stage are often unpredictable and vary among children

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Body Control in Late Childhood

Children gain more control over their bodies, leading to increased activity and choices in hobbies and sports

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Early Puberty

The stage where a child's body starts to change into adult form, triggered by hormonal activity

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Girls vs. Boys Early Puberty

Girls typically develop about two years earlier than boys in physical maturity.

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First Signs of Puberty (Girls)

Breasts begin to develop, and periods may start, typically between ages 8 and 13.

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First Signs of Puberty (Boys)

Testicle size may increase, and subtle changes such as hair growth may appear.

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Puberty Trigger

The brain initiates the release of sex hormones, which lead to broader puberty changes in both genders.

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Breast Development in Puberty

Slight lumps or swelling on the chest, sometimes painful, is normal. Development may vary between breasts.

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Genital Changes (Girls)

The vulva and vagina undergo growth and development during puberty.

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Genital Changes (Boys)

Penis and scrotum grow, and semen release is possible, even during sleep

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Hair Growth in Puberty

Hair growth in armpits and pubic areas becomes noticeable in both genders. Boys may develop facial hair

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Weight Gain in Late Childhood

Children gain between 2.3 to 3.2 kg annually, primarily due to muscle, bone, and organ growth.

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Height Increase in Late Childhood

Children generally grow about 2 1/2 inches per year, with occasional growth spurts, which lead to increased appetite.

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Muscle, Organ Development

Muscles, liver, and skeleton develop steadily, but organs like the brain and intestines mature at varying rates.

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Body Fat in Late Childhood

Body fat increases to prepare for adolescence for both genders, is noticeable earlier and greater for girls.

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Study Notes

Late Childhood (Intermediate Schooler)

  • Late childhood encompasses ages 9 to 12, sometimes referred to as "preteens".
  • Physical changes during this period are often unpredictable and vary among children.

Physical Development

  • Intermediate schoolers gain control over their bodies compared to primary schoolers.

  • They become more active and able to choose their own hobbies and sports.

  • School, friendships and exploring activities are common interests, yet physical growth progresses slowly.

  • Early puberty starts with girls about 2 years ahead of boys in physical maturity.

  • For girls, budding breasts are often the first sign, with periods starting between ages 8 and 13.

  • The brain triggers the release of sex hormones in both boys and girls, leading to changes.

  • Girls:

    • Breast development may include small lumps behind the nipple, sometimes painful, but it eventually subsides.
    • One breast might develop slower than the other; this is normal
    • Vulva and vagina grow slightly larger in size
    • Uterus also grows.
    • Armpit and pubic hair growth starts.
  • Boys:

    • May have chest swelling which usually subsides within a year or two.
    • Testicle size moderately enlarges
    • Penis and scrotum begin to grow.
    • Semen release can begin; this can happen while sleep or awake
    • Hair grows in the armpits and pubic areas, as well as on the chest, face

Height, Weight, and Muscle Development

  • Children generally gain 2.3 to 3.2 kilograms a year largely due to muscle, bone and organ development.
  • Height typically increases by 2.5 inches annually, with the potential for growth spurts causing increased appetite.
  • Muscles, liver and skeleton grow consistently; while organs like the brain and intestines grow at different rates and mature at different rates.
  • Body fat increases to prepare for adolescence, happening earlier and in larger amounts for girls.
  • Girls often appear "chubby" while boys tend to develop leaner muscle mass. These body differences become more apparent during adolescence.

Motor Skills

  • Children around ages 10 and 11 usually become more coordinated and often get involved with activities like swimming, basketball or running.
  • This period leads to an increased sense of enjoyment and accomplishment.
  • Boys typically show greater nimbleness in large muscle activities compared to girls.
  • Despite being more active, they are not physically mature; active play is preferred over sitting or standing for long periods of time.
  • Fine motor skills improve by age 8, contributing to improved handwriting.
  • Writing improves with smaller, straighter letters and numbers.
  • Children can create crafts and play instruments like the piano or guitar with greater control.
  • Girls typically perform better than boys in fine motor tasks.

Cognitive Development

  • Concrete operational thinking allows them to organize thoughts effectively, although logical perception and reasoning remains limited to current situations.
  • Children can apply learned information to situations they can directly manipulate.
  • Schoolwork becomes more complicated with the growth of vocabulary, length of reading materials, and incorporation of problem-solving tasks.
  • Understanding logic and reasoning helps them strategize for achieving desired goals .
  • Develop interests in potential future careers, hobby collections, and participation in sports and hobbies.
  • Comprehension of concepts is usually improved without the need for direct hands-on experiences.

Reading Development

  • Previous knowledge and vocabulary directly correlate to comprehension of new reading materials and enable them to understand unknown words by context.
  • This approach to reading is often described as reading to learn.
  • To encourage reading, consider the child's personal preferences while selecting appropriate reading material.
  • Choose information books or novels aligned with a specific interest.
  • Select materials suitable for discussions and in-depth insight.

Attention

  • Older children typically have longer and more adaptable attention spans compared to younger children.
  • Attention span often depends on the intricacy of the task.
  • Older children are better at concentrating and focusing on tasks for longer durations.

Creativity

  • Children are generally inquisitive and open to exploring new ideas naturally.
  • Creativity is innate; however, encouragement, guidance and support from parents, teachers and peers are needed.
  • Creative work can be enhanced by breaking complex tasks into smaller, more manageable parts.
  • Foster creativity by encouraging alternative responses from each child, and celebrating uniqueness and differences
  • Encourage sharing of creative ideas among all students for reducing stress and anxiety.

Media Impact

  • Media like television and computers have increasing relevance to children.
  • Increased media exposure provides varied avenues to communicate effectively through speech and writing.
  • Exposure facilitates collaborative work practices.
  • Students can use technology in effective problem solving, goal setting and creation of strategies.
  • Seek information and improve skills to meet their own personal goals.

Implications for Child Care, Education, and Parenting

  • Provide varied opportunities for physical activities at home and at school.
  • Encourage participation in meaningful activities until children find their interests.
  • Develop stronger emotional ties with children to address insecurities and social concerns.
  • Offer nutritious food choices and support healthy eating habits.
  • Empower caretakers to recognize developmental stages to engage with children through participation, by understanding their innate curiosity and using it to achieve skill mastery appropriately.
  • Create an environment where risks can be taken and discoveries made safely.

Self Concept

  • A key characteristic of this stage is the acquisition of the feeling of self-competence with an increasing awareness and understanding of self.
  • The child's self-concept and accomplishments are greatly influenced by external factors and unique individual experiences.

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