Laser Physics and Atomic Structure

A type of laser using noble gases like chlorine or fluorine.

Inert gases used in excimer lasers, e.g., chlorine, fluorine.

Short wavelength light emitted by excimer lasers.

Uses of excimer lasers in medicine and industry.

Specific distance between wave peaks in UV light produced by lasers.

A laser that uses gas as the active medium, such as helium-neon or carbon dioxide.

A specific type of gas laser often used for low power applications and producing red light.

A high-power gas laser that emits infrared light, commonly used in cutting materials.

A range of wavelengths longer than visible light, often used in gas lasers.

The process of using a high-energy laser to cut through solid materials.

The method of using strong flash light or electrical discharge to excite electrons.

Electrons that have absorbed energy and moved to a higher energy level.

A substance made up of atoms with excited electrons, allowing laser production.

Different states where electrons can exist within an atom, depending on their energy.

An atom with at least one electron in an excited state due to energy absorption.

A diode is a small device made from semiconductor materials, allowing current to flow in one direction.

Materials that partially conduct electricity, used in electronic devices.

The process of adding impurities to semiconductor materials to enhance their conductivity.

A measure of how well a material can conduct an electric current.

Additional substances mixed into semiconductors to change their electrical properties.

A semiconductor device that emits visible light when electrified.

Material with excess electrons that contribute to conductivity in LEDs.

Material with holes that accept electrons, improving conductivity in LEDs.

The energy difference between the valence band and conduction band in a semiconductor.

Light that can be seen by the human eye, produced by certain diodes.

A semiconductor with a deficiency of electrons, creating holes or vacancies for electron movement.

An empty state in a semiconductor where an electron is missing, acting as a positive charge carrier.

In P-type semiconductors, electrons fill holes, causing apparent movement of holes across the material.

A mobile particle that carries electric charge, like electrons or holes in semiconductors.

The flow of holes from regions of higher concentration to lower concentration in P-type materials.