Chapter 5: National languages and language planning
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Questions and Answers

In which country did a president go on a hunger strike to demand a television channel in the minority language?

  • Spain (Catalonia)
  • Wales (United Kingdom) (correct)
  • Canada (Quebec)
  • Belgium (Flanders)

    • What does the 'separatist' function of a national language entail?

  • Encouraging secessionist movements
  • Unifying different nations
  • Separating social classes within a nation
  • Distinguishing the nation from others, serving as a symbol of national identity (correct)

    • How has globalization influenced language planning and language use?

  • It has no effect on language use
  • It often leads to the dominance of global languages like English in various domains (correct)
  • It eliminates the need for language planning
  • It promotes the use of minority languages

    • What is 'acquisition planning' mainly concerned with?

    <p>Increasing the number of speakers of a language through education and other means</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a country with multiple official languages still experience conflict over language use?

    <p>Due to ongoing power struggles and differing attitudes towards languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy did Singapore use to shift language use among its Chinese population?

    <p>Implementing the Speak Mandarin Campaign to promote Mandarin over other Chinese dialects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a 'bottom-up' sign in linguistic landscape studies?

    <p>Advertisements created by local businesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The worldwide celebration that promotes awareness of linguistic and cultural diversity is called:

    <p>International Mother Language Day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'lingua franca' and how does it function in multilingual societies?

    <p>A bridge language used for communication between speakers of different native languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which context is a 'top-down' linguistic landscape typically controlled?

    <p>By public authorities or government organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can spelling reforms contribute to language planning efforts?

    <p>By simplifying writing systems, making literacy more accessible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the linguist's roles in language planning?

    <p>Providing linguistic expertise in codifying and elaborating the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In language planning, why is the 'frame-of-reference' function important?

    <p>It provides a model of correctness against which language use is measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one argument against forcing standardization in language?

    <p>It can suppress regional dialects and cultural identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did radio contribute to language planning in Vanuatu?

    <p>It used mainly Bislama, enhancing its status and contributing to standardization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of linguistic nationalism on language planning?

    <p>It fosters the development of a single national language to promote unity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge did the introduction of the Maori television station aim to address?

    <p>The decline in Maori language use and the need to promote it through media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of language planning, why might linguists be in disagreement with each other?

    <p>They may have different opinions on the best approaches to codification or standardization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In language planning, what is one argument for retaining English as a medium of instruction at higher education levels in countries like Tanzania?

    <p>English provides access to international knowledge and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of globalization on language use, as observed in Timor-Leste's linguistic landscape?

    <p>Increased presence of English in public signage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language planning, what is 'acceptance' primarily concerned with?

    <p>Gaining the populace's approval and active use of the standardized language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the education system contribute to language acquisition planning?

    <p>By offering instruction in the language, promoting its use among the younger generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the decision-making process of language planning, why might linguists' recommendations conflict with political decisions?

    <p>Political decisions might prioritize social unity or power dynamics over linguistic considerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the use of Maori in the legal system change after the Maori Language Act of 1987?

    <p>People could address the court in Maori, and the court would provide translation into English</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is an example where language planning has been used to promote a former pidgin or creole language as a national language?

    <p>Haiti with Haitian Creole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In language revival efforts, why might community-based initiatives be more effective than top-down government policies?

    <p>Community engagement ensures that the language is tied to cultural identity and daily use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding orthography standardization, what technological factor influenced the use of macrons in Maori language?

    <p>Lack of support for macrons on early word processors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'language loyalty' as a factor in language maintenance?

    <p>A strong attachment to one's language, leading to its continued use despite external pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did President Nyerere's personal actions play in the promotion of Swahili in Tanzania?

    <p>He used Swahili extensively in speeches and writings, enhancing its prestige</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might linguistic purists oppose the borrowing of words from other languages in vocabulary development?

    <p>They believe it dilutes the language's purity and cultural authenticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which European country has experienced significant language-based regional tensions between Dutch (Flemish) and French speakers?

    <p>Belgium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language planning, what is meant by 'vernacularization' of a language?

    <p>Reviving a language to be used as a medium of everyday communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential risk when a language policy does not align with the linguistic practices of the population?

    <p>The language policy may be ignored, leading to ineffective outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Finland, which two languages have official status?

    <p>Finnish and Swedish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one outcome when language planners fail to consider people's attitudes and identity concerning language choice?

    <p>Resistance and rejection of the language policy may occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'vernacularization' in language planning refers to what process?

    <p>Reviving an old language for everyday use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'lingua franca'?

    <p>A language used for communication between people who do not share a native language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates 'language loyalty'?

    <p>Speakers maintaining their native language despite pressures to adopt another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the linguistic landscape of Timor-Leste, which language was surprisingly dominant on public signs despite not being an official language?

    <p>English</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is selecting a neutral language sometimes beneficial in multilingual countries?

    <p>It ensures that no ethnic group feels favored over others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'frame-of-reference' function of a national language?

    <p>It provides a standard for correctness and a model against which other varieties are measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When language planners expand a language's domains of use, they are engaging in which type of planning?

    <p>Corpus planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did activists contribute to the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language in Israel?

    <p>By teaching it to their children as a first language and promoting its everyday use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to influence the acceptance of a new standard language?

    <p>The complexity of the language's grammar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In language planning, what is a common issue with borrowing words from other languages?

    <p>Borrowing can dilute the purity of a language and face resistance from purists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason Japan focuses its acquisition planning on English?

    <p>Due to the importance of English in global business and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ultimately determines whether a national language policy will succeed?

    <p>The patterns of linguistic behavior of individual language users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which domain did Maori language supporters establish 'kōhanga reo' to promote language acquisition?

    <p>Pre-school education (language nests)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'acquisition planning' typically involve in practical terms?

    <p>Setting up systems to teach the language, often through education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Speak Mandarin Campaign affect the linguistic landscape in Singapore?

    <p>It successfully shifted many Chinese households to use Mandarin over other dialects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge in promoting a constructed language like Nynorsk?

    <p>Resistance due to its association with rural areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'diglossia' as used in sociolinguistics?

    <p>A situation where two distinct varieties of the same language are used in different social contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did President Julius Nyerere play in the language planning of Tanzania?

    <p>He chose Swahili as the national language and promoted its use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key reason why language planning can be politically sensitive?

    <p>It can favor one language or dialect over others, impacting power dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the early days of standardizing Norwegian, which approach did Ivar Aasen take to develop Nynorsk?

    <p>He amalgamated features from several rural Norwegian dialects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The selection of a national language often involves balancing which two considerations?

    <p>Political power and people's attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the practical reasons for choosing Swahili as the national language of Tanzania?

    <p>It was already the medium of primary education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'elaborating the code' in language planning?

    <p>Developing the necessary linguistic resources for new concepts and contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Maori Language Commission approach creating new terms for modern concepts?

    <p>By creating new words using Maori linguistic resources, sometimes metaphorically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which country is the term 'lingua franca' originally derived from?

    <p>Italy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'one nation, one language' ideal is often criticized because:

    <p>It ignores the multilingual reality of most nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do language practices in the workplace play in language planning at a micro-level?

    <p>They are examples of informal acquisition planning when promoting certain languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization in Greece implemented the MONOTONY writing system reform?

    <p>The Greek Parliament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did the MONOTONY writing reform have on the Greek language?

    <p>It simplified the accent system, saving time and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason why linguistic purists often resist borrowing words from other languages?

    <p>Borrowing can threaten the perceived purity and integrity of the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following languages underwent significant revival to become the national language of a modern country despite being considered a dead language?

    <p>Hebrew in Israel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In language planning, what is the significance of providing materials and education in the official language(s)?

    <p>It facilitates acquisition planning by teaching the language to more people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the government of Norway attempt to resolve the competition between Bokmål and Nynorsk?

    <p>By trying to blend them into a unified language called Samnorsk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the 'linguistic landscape' reflect the social reality of language use?

    <p>It visually represents which languages are dominant or valued in public spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge of codifying an unwritten language?

    <p>Speakers may disagree on which dialect to use as the basis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'status or prestige planning' focuses on which aspect of language planning?

    <p>Enhancing the status and acceptance of a language in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a national language?

    <p>A language developed and used as a symbol of national unity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Paraguay, which language is recognized both as the national language and as one of the official languages?

    <p>Guaraní</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an official language in a multilingual country?

    <p>To serve utilitarian purposes in government affairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has adopted a non-European language, Bislama, as its sole national language?

    <p>Vanuatu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'codification' in the context of language planning?

    <p>Standardizing structural or linguistic features of a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the four interrelated steps of language planning, which step focuses on extending a language's use into new domains?

    <p>Elaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated steps in developing a language for official use?

    <p>Simplification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Swahili chosen as the national language of Tanzania after independence?

    <p>It was already a widely used lingua franca and symbol of unity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge is associated with the 'acceptance' stage in language planning?

    <p>Ensuring people adopt and use the standardized language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following languages was revitalized and adapted as a modern spoken language in Israel?

    <p>Hebrew</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Norway, what are the two written standards of the Norwegian language called?

    <p>Bokmål and Nynorsk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary reason for rejecting Danish as the national language of Norway after gaining independence?

    <p>Danish was associated with former oppressors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of standardizing a language often involves which of the following activities?

    <p>Developing grammars and dictionaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Singapore promote Mandarin through the 'Speak Mandarin Campaign'?

    <p>To unify the various Chinese dialect groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to deliberate efforts to influence the acquisition of a language by increasing the number of its users?

    <p>Acquisition planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one linguistic challenge faced by the Maori Language Commission in New Zealand?

    <p>Deciding between using a macron or double vowel to indicate long vowels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language planning, what does 'linguistic landscaping' refer to?

    <p>The visible use of languages in public signage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of 'corpus planning' in language policy?

    <p>Developing new technical vocabulary in a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'de facto' language refers to:

    <p>A language that is used in practice but not legally established.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why people might resist adopting a new standard language introduced through language planning?

    <p>There is strong loyalty to existing local dialects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the reasons Indonesian was chosen as the national language of Indonesia over Javanese?

    <p>Indonesian was a neutral choice and not associated with any particular ethnic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a successful national language according to the functions outlined?

    <p>It should be recognized as a proper language with higher status than local dialects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'status planning' in language planning refers to:

    <p>Changing the social position and functions of a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a government establish a language academy?

    <p>To standardize and regulate the use of a language, including vocabulary and grammar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method used to develop new vocabulary in language planning, as exemplified by the Maori Language Commission?

    <p>Using existing words with slight modifications or metaphorical extensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of creating a national language, what does 'selection' involve?

    <p>Choosing which dialect or language will be developed and promoted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has multiple indigenous languages officially recognized but not assigned the status of a national language?

    <p>India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the media be significant in the acceptance stage of language planning?

    <p>Media usage of a language can normalize it and increase its prestige.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one reason for the decline in the use of Nynorsk in Norway?

    <p>People's attitudes associated Nynorsk with 'country bumpkin' status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is providing government services in multiple official languages expensive and challenging?

    <p>It involves translating documents and providing services in all official languages, which can be costly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'unifying' function of a national language?

    <p>It unites the nation and offers advantages over local dialects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of 'elaboration' in language planning?

    <p>To extend a language's functions for use in new domains by developing necessary resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country attempted to amalgamate the features of its two competing written languages but eventually faced resistance?

    <p>Norway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'diglossia' imply about the use of languages in a society?

    <p>Two languages or varieties are used under different conditions within a community, often with one being high (H) and the other low (L) variety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dealing with long vowels in Maori, what were the two options debated for representing them in writing?

    <p>Doubling the vowel or using a macron over the vowel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact can the official recognition of a minority language have?

    <p>It can enhance the language's prestige and encourage its use in official contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'linguistic landscaping' can help reveal what in a multilingual society?

    <p>The gap between official language policy and actual language practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is most relevant when assessing the suitability of a language as a national language?

    <p>Its ability to unify the nation and express national identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which country did activists paint over English road signs as a form of protest for language recognition?

    <p>Wales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Maori Language Commission prefer using a macron over vowel doubling for representing long vowels?

    <p>It was more economical, less ambiguous, and easier to read.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence when a government imposes a language that is associated with a particular ethnic group in a multilingual country?

    <p>It can provoke resentment and resistance from other ethnic groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor in the successful spread of Putonghua (Mandarin) in China?

    <p>The government's unwavering promotion and its basis on the prestigious Beijing dialect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of language planning on linguistic diversity within nations?

    <p>It can reduce diversity by promoting a single standard language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'de jure' status of a language refer to?

    <p>The language that has legal, official recognition by law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the choice of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino create issues in the Philippines?

    <p>It was associated with a particular ethnic group, causing resentment among others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In language planning, what role do attitudes play in the acceptance of a standard language?

    <p>Positive attitudes and prestige associated with the language facilitate its acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of these countries is English not legally an official language, despite being widely used?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a country where a colonial language remains as an official language due to its utilitarian value?

    <p>India using English alongside Hindi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of 'top-down' signage in linguistic landscaping?

    <p>Official government road signs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did radio programs contribute to acquisition planning in China?

    <p>Through demonstration programs promoting the standardized pronunciation of Putonghua.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a linguistic issue with integrating borrowed words into a language, as seen in Hebrew?

    <p>Borrowed words may be integrated and adapted to fit grammatical structures, such as adding native plural endings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'corpus planning' specifically focus on in the process of language planning?

    <p>The internal structure and codification of a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for language planners to consider the attitudes of the population toward a language?

    <p>Because positive attitudes are crucial for the adoption and success of language planning efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In language planning, what does 'selection' primarily depend upon?

    <p>Political, social, and economic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a language is used in education, government, and media, which function is it serving in society?

    <p>Institutional function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'H' and 'L' varieties in diglossia refer to what?

    <p>High prestige and Low prestige varieties used in different contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant benefit of Swahili's selection as the national language in Tanzania in terms of acceptance?

    <p>Swahili had served as a unifying lingua franca during the struggle for independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'language death'?

    <p>When a language is no longer spoken by anyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might language planning affect social identity?

    <p>By promoting a standard language, it can influence how people perceive themselves and their group affiliations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that language planning can support endangered languages?

    <p>By codifying them and promoting their use in education and media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The government of which country uses 'language nests' to promote the acquisition of the indigenous language among children?

    <p>New Zealand (for Maori)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a colonial language continue to be used as an official language in former colonies?

    <p>Due to its established role in administration and international relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one criticism of top-down language policies?

    <p>They may not reflect the actual language practices and preferences of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In language planning, what is a 'neutral' language and why might it be selected?

    <p>A language not associated with any particular ethnic group, chosen to avoid ethnic favoritism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the steps President Nyerere of Tanzania took to promote Swahili?

    <p>He translated major works, including Shakespeare, into Swahili to enhance its prestige.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the visibility of a language in public spaces affect its status?

    <p>Increased visibility in public spaces can enhance a language's status and perceived importance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In countries with 'broad diglossia', like Paraguay, what is the typical relationship between the high (H) and low (L) languages?

    <p>H is used for formal and official purposes, while L is used in informal contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible negative effect of selecting the language of a dominant group as the national language?

    <p>It can marginalize minority groups and exacerbate social divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is codification important in language planning?

    <p>It standardizes the language's structure, making it teachable and usable in official contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main tasks of language academies?

    <p>To standardize the language and oversee vocabulary development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Chinese government promote Mandarin (Putonghua) among its diverse population?

    <p>Through education, media broadcasts, and standardizing its pronunciation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Israel, why was Hebrew chosen over Yiddish as the national language?

    <p>Yiddish had little prestige and was not spoken by all Jews.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'vernacularization' of Hebrew in Israel?

    <p>Reviving Hebrew for everyday spoken use by the general population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality, which of the following factors contribute to the strength of a language?

    <p>Demographics, institutional support, and status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do 'grassroots' efforts play in language planning?

    <p>They can be crucial in promoting language use and maintenance at the community level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Guaraní language maintain high levels of use in Paraguay?

    <p>It was seen as a symbol of national identity and solidarity among Paraguayans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a form of 'corpus planning'?

    <p>Developing new technical terms for the language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason minority language speakers might resist the dominance of a national language?

    <p>They fear losing their own language and cultural heritage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In language planning, what is the purpose of 'codifying orthography'?

    <p>B. To establish a standardized writing system for a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    National Languages and Language Planning

    • A national language is developed as a symbol of national unity within a political, cultural, and social unit.
    • Guaraní is recognized as both the national language and one of the official languages of Paraguay, along with Spanish.
    • The primary function of an official language in a multilingual country is to serve utilitarian purposes in government affairs.
    • Vanuatu has adopted Bislama, an English-lexified creole, as its sole national language.
    • Codification refers to the standardization of structural or linguistic features of a language, including grammar and spelling systems.
    • Elaboration expands a language's functions into new domains, requiring the development of new vocabulary and styles.
    • The steps in developing a language for official use include Selection, Codification, Elaboration, and Acceptance. Simplification is not included in these steps.
    • Swahili was selected as Tanzania's national language due to its role as a widely used lingua franca and unifying symbol during independence.
    • The acceptance stage in language planning faces challenges in ensuring people adopt and use the standardized language.
    • Hebrew was revitalized and adapted as the modern spoken language of Israel.
    • In Norway, two written standards, Bokmål and Nynorsk, exist; Bokmål is influenced by Danish, while Nynorsk is based on rural dialects.
    • Post-independence, Norwegians rejected Danish as the national language due to its association with former oppressors.
    • Standardizing a language involves developing grammars, dictionaries, and standardized spelling systems.
    • Singapore promoted Mandarin through the "Speak Mandarin Campaign" to unify its diverse Chinese dialect groups.
    • Acquisition planning aims to influence the acquisition of a language and increase the number of its users, often through education.
    • The Maori Language Commission faced challenges in deciding between using a macron or double vowel to indicate long vowels.
    • Linguistic landscaping refers to the visible use of languages in public signage and can reveal discrepancies between language policy and actual practices.
    • Corpus planning pertains to the development of new technical vocabulary in a language to enhance its functionality.
    • A de facto language is commonly used in practice but is not officially recognized by law.
    • Resistance to adopting a new standard language may arise from strong loyalty to existing local dialects.
    • Indonesian was chosen as the national language of Indonesia over Javanese because it was a neutral choice not associated with any particular ethnic group.
    • A successful national language is recognized as a proper language, holding higher status than local dialects.
    • Status planning involves changing the social position and functions of a language in society.
    • Governments may establish language academies to standardize and regulate language use, including vocabulary and grammar.
    • The Maori Language Commission creates new vocabulary by adapting existing words with modifications or metaphorical extensions.
    • Selection in language planning involves deciding which dialect or language will be developed and promoted.
    • India recognizes multiple regional languages as official languages but does not assign a national language status.
    • Public attitudes towards Nynorsk in Norway shifted negatively, associating it with rural status, which contributed to its decline.
    • Providing government services in multiple languages is costly due to the need for translations.
    • Elaboration extends a language's functions by creating resources to use it in new domains.
    • The Maori debate involved long vowels being represented in writing using either doubled vowels or macrons.
    • Linguistic landscaping analysis can highlight gaps between policy and practice in a multilingual context.
    • In Wales, activists painted over English road signs to protest for Welsh language recognition.
    • Imposing a language associated with a particular ethnic group can provoke resentment and resistance from other groups.
    • The success of Putonghua (Mandarin) in China is mainly due to government promotion and its basis on the prestigious Beijing dialect.
    • A de jure language has legal recognition as an official language established by law.
    • Positive attitudes towards a language greatly influence its acceptance in society.
    • English remains official in India alongside Hindi due to its pragmatic value.
    • Radio programs helped in acquisition planning in China by promoting standardized pronunciation of Mandarin.
    • Corpus planning focuses on the internal structure and codification of a language, including grammar and vocabulary.
    • Finnish and Swedish are both official languages in Finland, recognizing the Swedish-speaking minority.
    • Excluding people's attitudes can lead to resistance against language planning initiatives.
    • Vernacularization refers to reviving an old language for everyday spoken use, such as Hebrew.
    • A lingua franca is a language used for communication between speakers who do not share a native language, typically in trade or diplomacy.### Language Loyalty and Shift
    • Language loyalty refers to the commitment of speakers to maintain their native language amidst pressures to adopt a dominant language.
    • This loyalty can result in the preservation of linguistic diversity despite social and political pressures.

    Linguistic Landscape in Timor-Leste

    • English is the most dominant language on public signs in Dili, Timor-Leste, despite being unofficial.
    • This highlights dissonance between proclaimed language policies and actual language use in society.

    Neutral Language in Multilingual Countries

    • Selecting a neutral language helps avoid favoritism toward specific ethnic groups, promoting national unity and social cohesion.

    National Language Frame of Reference

    • A national language serves as a standard for correctness, against which other dialects and varieties are measured, influencing linguistic hierarchy.

    Corpus Planning and Language Domains

    • When language planners expand the use of a language in various domains, they engage in corpus planning, which includes elaborating the language.

    Revival of Hebrew

    • Activists played a crucial role in reviving Hebrew by teaching it as a first language to children and incorporating it into daily life practices.

    Acceptance of New Standard Languages

    • While economic benefits, national identity, and government support influence language acceptance, grammatical complexity is often not a significant factor.

    Borrowing Words in Language Planning

    • Borrowed words may face resistance as they can dilute the perceived purity of a language, leading to pushback from linguistic purists.

    Japan's Language Acquisition Planning

    • Japan emphasizes teaching English due to its importance in global business, reflecting a strategic approach to international communication.

    Success of National Language Policies

    • The outcomes of national language policies heavily depend on individuals' behaviors and willingness to adopt and use the designated language in daily life.

    Kōhanga Reo Language Nests

    • 'Kōhanga reo', or language nests, have been established to promote early Maori language acquisition, demonstrating effective grassroots language planning.

    Acquisition Planning

    • Acquisition planning focuses on increasing language use among speakers, typically through educational systems, thus promoting wider language adoption.

    Speak Mandarin Campaign in Singapore

    • The campaign successfully increased the prevalence of Mandarin among Chinese households, reflecting effective language planning efforts.

    Challenges for Nynorsk

    • Nynorsk struggled for acceptance due to associations with rural dialects, presenting barriers to its widespread use in urban contexts.

    Definition of Diglossia

    • Diglossia refers to the presence of two distinct varieties of the same language used in different social contexts, creating a linguistic hierarchy within communities.

    Julius Nyerere and Swahili

    • President Nyerere chose Swahili as Tanzania's national language to enhance unity and facilitate communication across diverse linguistic groups.

    Political Sensitivity in Language Planning

    • Language planning can be politically sensitive as it may favor certain languages over others, impacting power dynamics and resource distribution.

    Ivar Aasen's Approach to Nynorsk

    • Ivar Aasen developed Nynorsk by amalgamating features from multiple rural dialects, reflecting a desire for a linguistic model aligned with local identities.

    Balance in National Language Selection

    • The choice of a national language often requires balancing political power dynamics with the attitudes and preferences of the populace.

    Swahili in Tanzanian Education

    • Swahili's existing role as the medium of primary education facilitated its selection as the national language, promoting easier integration.

    Elaborating the Code in Language Planning

    • Elaborating the code involves developing vocabulary and structures for new concepts, extending the functions of a language.

    Maori Language Commission and New Terms

    • The Commission created new terms by utilizing existing Maori linguistic resources creatively, thus enabling the expression of modern concepts.

    Origin of "Lingua Franca"

    • The term "lingua franca" originates from Italian, historically referring to a mixed language used in Mediterranean trade contexts.

    Critique of "One Nation, One Language" Ideal

    • The ideal is criticized for overlooking the multilingual realities inherent in most societies, often marginalizing non-dominant language speakers.

    Workplace Language Practices

    • Language use in workplaces can act as informal acquisition planning, promoting specific languages and shaping linguistic landscapes at a microscale.

    MONOTONY Writing System Reform in Greece

    • The Greek government implemented the MONOTONY reform to simplify the accent system in the language, enhancing efficiency in education and printing.

    Resistance to Borrowing Words

    • Linguistic purists often resist borrowing due to concerns about compromising the perceived purity and integrity of their language.

    Revival of Hebrew as National Language

    • Hebrew was revived from a classical language to the national language of Israel, demonstrating successful language rejuvenation efforts.

    Importance of Language Materials in Education

    • Providing educational resources in official languages is integral to acquisition planning, aiding broader language learning and usage.

    Norway's Language Amalgamation Attempt

    • Norway attempted to unify Bokmål and Nynorsk into Samnorsk but faced significant opposition, particularly from Bokmål advocates.

    Linguistic Landscape Reflection

    • The linguistic landscape visually indicates which languages dominate or are valued in public, revealing sociolinguistic realities and hierarchies.

    Codifying Unwritten Languages

    • Codifying an unwritten language is challenging due to disagreements among speakers about which dialect to standardize.

    Status or Prestige Planning in Language

    • Status planning aims to enhance societal acceptance and prestige of a language, influencing social attitudes and language dynamics.

    Role of Media in Language Acceptance

    • Media can normalize a language, enhancing its visibility and prestige, which plays a pivotal role in the acceptance phase of language planning.

    Unifying Function of National Language

    • A national language serves to unite a nation, offering practical communication advantages over diverse local dialects.

    Resistance to Norwegian Language Blending

    • Norway's attempt to unify Bokmål and Nynorsk into Samnorsk faced resistance, indicating the complexities of language identity and advocacy.

    Definition of Diglossia

    • Diglossia indicates a situation in which two languages or varieties coexist in a community, with distinct social functions attached to each variety.

    Impact of Official Recognition of Minority Languages

    • Official recognition can elevate the prestige of minority languages, encouraging their use in formal contexts like education and government.

    Factors for National Language Suitability

    • A suitable national language should unify the nation and embody national identity, overshadowing logistical and grammatical considerations.

    Preference for Macron in Maori Language

    • The Maori Language Commission favored using a macron over vowel doubling for clarity and simplicity in the written representation of long vowels.

    Language Planning and Linguistic Diversity

    • Language planning can lead to reduced linguistic diversity, promoting a standardized language and diminishing the presence of regional or minority languages.### Language Planning and Linguistic Landscape

    • Tagalog's selection as a favored language caused resentment among speakers of major languages like Cebuano and Ilocano.

    • English is widely used but not legally an official language in the USA, Australia, and New Zealand, indicating a distinction between usage and legal status.

    • 'Top-down' signage in linguistic landscapes is associated with official government signs, while 'bottom-up' signage includes local advertisements and community-created signs.

    • Integrating borrowed words in Hebrew involves adapting them to fit structure, such as adding native plural endings, showcasing the tension between preservation and adaptation.

    • Positive attitudes towards a language are crucial for effective language planning and its acceptance in the community.

    • Language selection in planning primarily depends on political, social, and economic factors rather than mere linguistic attributes.

    • A language used in education, government, and media serves an institutional function, establishing its role in public life.

    • In diglossia, 'H' refers to high prestige varieties used in formal contexts, while 'L' stands for low prestige varieties used informally.

    • Swahili's selection as Tanzania's national language was bolstered by its role as a unifier during the independence movement.

    • Language death occurs when a language ceases to have native speakers, highlighting the critical need for language preservation efforts.

    • Language planning can shape social identity by influencing group memberships and perceptions based on promoted language standards.

    • Codification of endangered languages can enhance their use in education and media, supporting revitalization efforts.

    • New Zealand employs 'kōhanga reo' (language nests) to promote the Maori language among children, fostering cultural and linguistic continuity.

    • Former colonial languages often remain in use due to their established roles in administration and international communications.

    • Criticism of top-down language policies suggests they may disregard actual linguistic practices and community preferences.

    • A 'neutral' language is one not tied to specific ethnic groups, selected to avoid favoring one over another in multilingual societies.

    • Tanzanian President Nyerere enhanced Swahili's status by translating significant works into the language, demonstrating its capability.

    • Public visibility of a language strengthens its status and normalization within the community, influencing everyday use.

    • In "broad diglossia" scenarios, high and low languages serve distinct social functions, with the former adopted in formal domains.

    • Selecting a dominant group's language for national use can marginalize minority groups, exacerbating social divisions.

    • Codification is essential for standardizing a language's structure, enhancing its teachability and usability in formal contexts.

    • Language academies work towards standardizing languages and creating new vocabulary relevant to contemporary usage.

    • The Chinese government promoted Mandarin through reforms in education and media to standardize its use among diverse dialects.

    • Hebrew was selected as Israel's national language due to its historical and religious significance, overshadowing Yiddish.

    • Vernacularization of Hebrew refers to revitalizing it as a spoken language in everyday use after its classical status.

    • Ethnolinguistic vitality hinges on demographics, institutional backing, and language status, shaping its endurance in society.

    • Grassroots initiatives are pivotal in maintaining and revitalizing languages within communities, complementing official policies.

    • Guaraní's high use in Paraguay is linked to its symbolic role in national identity and solidarity, fostering widespread loyalty.

    • Corpus planning includes developing technical vocabulary and standardizing structural aspects of language.

    • Resistance from minority language speakers to national language dominance often stems from fears of losing cultural identity.

    • Codifying orthography establishes writing standards, such as spelling rules, to support effective communication.

    • In Wales, advocacy for minority language media, such as television, has included strong political activism.

    • The 'separatist' function of a national language enhances a nation's distinction and identity amidst global dynamics.

    • Globalization tends to elevate dominant languages like English, necessitating strategic responses in language planning.

    • Acquisition planning aims to increase the number of speakers through educational initiatives and policies.

    • Coexisting official languages can still lead to conflict due to different social power dynamics and perceptions.

    • Singapore effectively used the Speak Mandarin Campaign to promote Mandarin over dialects, unifying the Chinese community.

    • Top-down linguistic landscapes are regulated by public authorities, ensuring uniformity in official signage and communications.

    • Spelling reforms simplify writing systems, aiding literacy and supporting linguistic planning efforts.

    • Linguists play a vital role in language planning, contributing expertise in codification and elaboration of languages.

    • The 'frame-of-reference' function is essential in language planning, providing standards against which language use can be assessed.

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    Test your knowledge on national languages and language planning with this quiz based on Chapter 5. Explore the definitions, significance, and roles of national languages within cultural and political contexts. Challenge yourself with multiple-choice questions that assess your understanding of key concepts.

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