Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)
Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)
- Exclusive use of the majority language
- Active use of the minority language across multiple domains and by all age groups (correct)
- Minority language used only by elderly members
- Minority language dying out in all domains
An important factor for language maintenance within migrant communities is:
An important factor for language maintenance within migrant communities is:
- Complete isolation from the majority society
- Integration and only using the majority language
- Establishing community structures like churches and schools using their language (correct)
- Avoiding any educational opportunities
In a diglossic situation leading to language shift, the typical pattern is:
In a diglossic situation leading to language shift, the typical pattern is:
- Both varieties being maintained equally
- The H variety displacing the L variety (correct)
- Neither variety being used
- The L variety displacing the H variety
Which of the following best describes why a language with a small number of speakers might still be maintained?
Which of the following best describes why a language with a small number of speakers might still be maintained?
What might be the impact of intergenerational transmission on language maintenance?
What might be the impact of intergenerational transmission on language maintenance?
Which outcome is possible when a minority language is only used during special ceremonies?
Which outcome is possible when a minority language is only used during special ceremonies?
An effective strategy to enhance the status of a minority language is to:
An effective strategy to enhance the status of a minority language is to:
In the context of language shift, unequal bilingualism refers to:
In the context of language shift, unequal bilingualism refers to:
What effect does a heritage language program in schools have on language maintenance?
What effect does a heritage language program in schools have on language maintenance?
Which of the following best explains the concept of 'language loss'?
Which of the following best explains the concept of 'language loss'?
Language maintenance is more challenging in a family when:
Language maintenance is more challenging in a family when:
Which of the following can be an indicator of a minority language's vitality when observed in a linguistic landscape?
Which of the following can be an indicator of a minority language's vitality when observed in a linguistic landscape?
Which of these statements reflects a factor that may slow down language shift?
Which of these statements reflects a factor that may slow down language shift?
A 'point of no return' in language loss refers to:
A 'point of no return' in language loss refers to:
Which factor is least likely to contribute to language maintenance?
Which factor is least likely to contribute to language maintenance?
Which of the following best describes the term 'killer language'?
Which of the following best describes the term 'killer language'?
One way communities can promote language maintenance is by:
One way communities can promote language maintenance is by:
How does urbanization typically affect language maintenance?
How does urbanization typically affect language maintenance?
Which societal attitude is most supportive of bilingualism and language maintenance?
Which societal attitude is most supportive of bilingualism and language maintenance?
Which of the following is a challenge in reviving a language?
Which of the following is a challenge in reviving a language?
Improved transportation and communication can impact language maintenance by:
Improved transportation and communication can impact language maintenance by:
Which of the following would be considered a formal domain where using the minority language can promote its maintenance?
Which of the following would be considered a formal domain where using the minority language can promote its maintenance?
What is the significance of having a 'linguistic landscape' that includes the minority language for its speakers?
What is the significance of having a 'linguistic landscape' that includes the minority language for its speakers?
Which of the following best illustrates the process of language shift in Maniben's experience as described in the chapter?
Which of the following best illustrates the process of language shift in Maniben's experience as described in the chapter?
In the example of Armeen, what is the primary concern regarding the Azeri language in Iran?
In the example of Armeen, what is the primary concern regarding the Azeri language in Iran?
The dominance of Farsi in public signage in Tabriz sends what symbolic message about the Azeri language?
The dominance of Farsi in public signage in Tabriz sends what symbolic message about the Azeri language?
Which factor contributed significantly to the language shift from Hungarian to German in the town of Oberwart?
Which factor contributed significantly to the language shift from Hungarian to German in the town of Oberwart?
In Oberwart, social networks influenced language use. Which of the following statements is true according to the chapter?
In Oberwart, social networks influenced language use. Which of the following statements is true according to the chapter?
What was the significance of the pattern of language use in Table 3.1 regarding the future of Hungarian in Oberwart?
What was the significance of the pattern of language use in Table 3.1 regarding the future of Hungarian in Oberwart?
Which demographic factor contributed to Crystal's rapid language shift from Spanish to English in New Zealand?
Which demographic factor contributed to Crystal's rapid language shift from Spanish to English in New Zealand?
In the context of language shift, what is one impact of improved transportation and communication on isolated minority language communities?
In the context of language shift, what is one impact of improved transportation and communication on isolated minority language communities?
Annie's experience with Dyirbal illustrates which of the following processes?
Annie's experience with Dyirbal illustrates which of the following processes?
According to the chapter, what is one of the primary reasons for language shift in migrant communities?
According to the chapter, what is one of the primary reasons for language shift in migrant communities?
Which of the following strategies did the Welsh government implement to support the revival of the Welsh language?
Which of the following strategies did the Welsh government implement to support the revival of the Welsh language?
In the context of language shift, which of the following is considered a 'domain' where language use is observed?
In the context of language shift, which of the following is considered a 'domain' where language use is observed?
What is typically the first domain in which children of migrant families encounter the majority language?
What is typically the first domain in which children of migrant families encounter the majority language?
In Exercise 9, Figure 3.1 presents dimensions for analyzing language maintenance and shift. Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions included?
In Exercise 9, Figure 3.1 presents dimensions for analyzing language maintenance and shift. Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions included?
The concept of ethnolinguistic vitality includes three main components. Which of the following is NOT one of these components?
The concept of ethnolinguistic vitality includes three main components. Which of the following is NOT one of these components?
Language shift can be observed through changes in language use across which of the following?
Language shift can be observed through changes in language use across which of the following?
According to the chapter, intermarriage between speakers of minority and majority languages tends to result in:
According to the chapter, intermarriage between speakers of minority and majority languages tends to result in:
Which of the following factors contributes to slower language shift in rural areas compared to urban areas?
Which of the following factors contributes to slower language shift in rural areas compared to urban areas?
The term 'language death' refers to:
The term 'language death' refers to:
What social factor can significantly contribute to the maintenance of a minority language?
What social factor can significantly contribute to the maintenance of a minority language?
Which of the following statements best describes 'ethnolinguistic vitality'?
Which of the following statements best describes 'ethnolinguistic vitality'?
What is one of the key demographic factors that affect language maintenance?
What is one of the key demographic factors that affect language maintenance?
Which factor is crucial in slowing down language shift in a minority language community?
Which factor is crucial in slowing down language shift in a minority language community?
Efforts to revive the Welsh language have included:
Efforts to revive the Welsh language have included:
What is 'ethnolinguistic vitality'?
What is 'ethnolinguistic vitality'?
Language shift tends to be slower when:
Language shift tends to be slower when:
Which type of bilingual education immerses students entirely in the minority language?
Which type of bilingual education immerses students entirely in the minority language?
An important demographic factor that supports language maintenance is:
An important demographic factor that supports language maintenance is:
Language shift is more rapid when:
Language shift is more rapid when:
What is a key reason that rural areas may resist language shift longer than urban areas?
What is a key reason that rural areas may resist language shift longer than urban areas?
Intermarriage between minority and majority language speakers often leads to:
Intermarriage between minority and majority language speakers often leads to:
An example of institutional support for language maintenance is:
An example of institutional support for language maintenance is:
Which of the following is an example of language death as opposed to language shift?
Which of the following is an example of language death as opposed to language shift?
Which term describes the process when individuals lose proficiency in their native language due to lack of use?
Which term describes the process when individuals lose proficiency in their native language due to lack of use?
In the context of language death, which of the following is a common pattern in the linguistic abilities of younger speakers?
In the context of language death, which of the following is a common pattern in the linguistic abilities of younger speakers?
Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as contributing to language shift?
Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as contributing to language shift?
What role does the size of a minority language group play in language maintenance?
What role does the size of a minority language group play in language maintenance?
Which of the following best explains why immigrant children might resist speaking their minority language?
Which of the following best explains why immigrant children might resist speaking their minority language?
A key step that communities can take to maintain their minority language is to:
A key step that communities can take to maintain their minority language is to:
In the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality, what does institutional support refer to?
In the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality, what does institutional support refer to?
What is a linguistic landscape?
What is a linguistic landscape?
Which of the following is an example of using media to support language maintenance?
Which of the following is an example of using media to support language maintenance?
What is one challenge in measuring ethnolinguistic vitality?
What is one challenge in measuring ethnolinguistic vitality?
The concept of 'immersion education' involves:
The concept of 'immersion education' involves:
Which historical example demonstrates that a language can be revived even after it has ceased to be spoken as a native language?
Which historical example demonstrates that a language can be revived even after it has ceased to be spoken as a native language?
In which setting is a minority language most likely to be maintained without outside support?
In which setting is a minority language most likely to be maintained without outside support?
Which of the following best explains why language shift may occur even without conscious decision by the community?
Which of the following best explains why language shift may occur even without conscious decision by the community?
Which group is likely to resist language shift longer?
Which group is likely to resist language shift longer?
An example of demographic support for language maintenance is:
An example of demographic support for language maintenance is:
Which of the following practices can help slow down language shift in mixed-language marriages?
Which of the following practices can help slow down language shift in mixed-language marriages?
Why is it challenging for a minority language to expand into high-status domains?
Why is it challenging for a minority language to expand into high-status domains?
Which of the following best describes the role of heritage language programs?
Which of the following best describes the role of heritage language programs?
Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of 'language erosion'?
Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of 'language erosion'?
What was identified as a key factor in the successful revitalization of Hebrew?
What was identified as a key factor in the successful revitalization of Hebrew?
What can lead to differences in who influences language shift?
What can lead to differences in who influences language shift?
What is necessary for maintaining a minority language?
What is necessary for maintaining a minority language?
What role do social pressures play in language shift among migrant communities?
What role do social pressures play in language shift among migrant communities?
In Maori communities, the use of Maori in ceremonies depends on:
In Maori communities, the use of Maori in ceremonies depends on:
What effect do mass media platforms like television have on language maintenance in minority communities?
What effect do mass media platforms like television have on language maintenance in minority communities?
What is the concept of 'linguistic landscapes'?
What is the concept of 'linguistic landscapes'?
How can the study of linguistic landscapes provide insights into the vitality of a minority linguistic community?
How can the study of linguistic landscapes provide insights into the vitality of a minority linguistic community?
Which of the following is a strategy for reviving endangered languages?
Which of the following is a strategy for reviving endangered languages?
The successful revival of Hebrew demonstrates that:
The successful revival of Hebrew demonstrates that:
What role does technology play in language shift?
What role does technology play in language shift?
How can technology be utilized as a tool for language maintenance and revitalization?
How can technology be utilized as a tool for language maintenance and revitalization?
What is one challenge associated with measuring ethnolinguistic vitality?
What is one challenge associated with measuring ethnolinguistic vitality?
Language planning and policies can influence language maintenance by:
Language planning and policies can influence language maintenance by:
An example of a language policy that supports minority language maintenance is:
An example of a language policy that supports minority language maintenance is:
Which additional factor is a contributor to language shift?
Which additional factor is a contributor to language shift?
Why is intergenerational language transmission critical for language maintenance?
Why is intergenerational language transmission critical for language maintenance?
How does globalization impact minority languages?
How does globalization impact minority languages?
Which of the following is a reason technology might accelerate language shift in minority communities?
Which of the following is a reason technology might accelerate language shift in minority communities?
What is one example of language policies in education that supports language maintenance?
What is one example of language policies in education that supports language maintenance?
What is one way that language planning can inadvertently contribute to language shift?
What is one way that language planning can inadvertently contribute to language shift?
In the context of language maintenance, what is one effect of a community's positive attitudes towards their language?
In the context of language maintenance, what is one effect of a community's positive attitudes towards their language?
Which of the following is an example of institutional support for a minority language in the media domain?
Which of the following is an example of institutional support for a minority language in the media domain?
What supports the statement that achieving language maintenance requires more than wishing?
What supports the statement that achieving language maintenance requires more than wishing?
Which of the following is a key component of language planning aimed at reviving a minority language?
Which of the following is a key component of language planning aimed at reviving a minority language?
According to the chapter, why might some language revival efforts not achieve their intended goals?
According to the chapter, why might some language revival efforts not achieve their intended goals?
Which of these options are correct regarding high-status domains and minority languages? (Select all that apply)
Which of these options are correct regarding high-status domains and minority languages? (Select all that apply)
Language shift can sometimes be slowed or reversed when the minority language:
Language shift can sometimes be slowed or reversed when the minority language:
Which of the following can negatively impact the maintenance of a minority language?
Which of the following can negatively impact the maintenance of a minority language?
According to the chapter, immigrants who feel their ethnic language is safe often:
According to the chapter, immigrants who feel their ethnic language is safe often:
Which of the following is an example of technology influencing language shift?
Which of the following is an example of technology influencing language shift?
What role do positive attitudes play in language maintenance?
What role do positive attitudes play in language maintenance?
Why might a minority group desire to maintain their language when moving to a new country?
Why might a minority group desire to maintain their language when moving to a new country?
An indication of a language's high status within a community is:
An indication of a language's high status within a community is:
Which of the following best describes the relationship between technological change and language shift?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between technological change and language shift?
A critical factor for the success of language revival efforts is:
A critical factor for the success of language revival efforts is:
Why might rural communities maintain a minority language longer than urban communities?
Why might rural communities maintain a minority language longer than urban communities?
Which of the following contributes to language shift in migrant communities?
Which of the following contributes to language shift in migrant communities?
Heritage language programs are designed to:
Heritage language programs are designed to:
What effect does frequent and regular contact with the homeland have on language maintenance?
What effect does frequent and regular contact with the homeland have on language maintenance?
In the study of language maintenance and shift, 'domains' refer to:
In the study of language maintenance and shift, 'domains' refer to:
Which of the following is a social factor that may inhibit language shift?
Which of the following is a social factor that may inhibit language shift?
Why is the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality useful in studying language maintenance and shift?
Why is the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality useful in studying language maintenance and shift?
A 'passive knowledge' of a language refers to:
A 'passive knowledge' of a language refers to:
Which scenario illustrates language loss at the individual level?
Which scenario illustrates language loss at the individual level?
Which action can help maintain a minority language within the family?
Which action can help maintain a minority language within the family?
Language death can be a result of:
Language death can be a result of:
Which of the following is an example of institutional support in the religious domain?
Which of the following is an example of institutional support in the religious domain?
Which of the following factors can contribute to language shift in a community?
Which of the following factors can contribute to language shift in a community?
The process by which one language displaces another in the linguistic repertoire of a community is called:
The process by which one language displaces another in the linguistic repertoire of a community is called:
A community that uses a minority language only in religious ceremonies is likely experiencing:
A community that uses a minority language only in religious ceremonies is likely experiencing:
What impact does a positive international status of a minority language have on its maintenance?
What impact does a positive international status of a minority language have on its maintenance?
An example of demographic support diminishing and affecting language maintenance is:
An example of demographic support diminishing and affecting language maintenance is:
Which is a potential outcome when a minority language lacks use in domains like education, media, and administration?
Which is a potential outcome when a minority language lacks use in domains like education, media, and administration?
Language maintenance efforts are more likely to succeed when the government:
Language maintenance efforts are more likely to succeed when the government:
In the context of language maintenance, an 'avoidance relationship' might explain:
In the context of language maintenance, an 'avoidance relationship' might explain:
Which of the following statements is true regarding language revival?
Which of the following statements is true regarding language revival?
The process by which speakers become less proficient in a language due to decreased use is called:
The process by which speakers become less proficient in a language due to decreased use is called:
Which activity would most likely aid in the maintenance of a minority language?
Which activity would most likely aid in the maintenance of a minority language?
An example of language shift driven by political factors is:
An example of language shift driven by political factors is:
What is one reason why the Maori language became endangered in New Zealand?
What is one reason why the Maori language became endangered in New Zealand?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of language maintenance?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of language maintenance?
Which of these is a cultural factor that supports language maintenance?
Which of these is a cultural factor that supports language maintenance?
In communities where bilingualism is the norm, language shift is:
In communities where bilingualism is the norm, language shift is:
Which type of domain is most susceptible to early language shift?
Which type of domain is most susceptible to early language shift?
Which of the following best describes the role of heritage language programs?
Which of the following best describes the role of heritage language programs?
Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of 'language erosion' mentioned in the chapter?
Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of 'language erosion' mentioned in the chapter?
In discussing the revival of Hebrew, what was identified as a key factor in its successful revitalization?
In discussing the revival of Hebrew, what was identified as a key factor in its successful revitalization?
According to the chapter, language shift can sometimes be led by women or men depending on:
According to the chapter, language shift can sometimes be led by women or men depending on:
To effectively maintain a minority language, there must be:
To effectively maintain a minority language, there must be:
In the chapter, social pressures to conform play what role in the language shift among migrant communities?
In the chapter, social pressures to conform play what role in the language shift among migrant communities?
The chapter mentions that in many Maori communities, the use of Maori in ceremonies depends on:
The chapter mentions that in many Maori communities, the use of Maori in ceremonies depends on:
What effect do mass media platforms such as television have on language maintenance in minority communities?
What effect do mass media platforms such as television have on language maintenance in minority communities?
What is the concept of 'linguistic landscapes' as discussed in the chapter?
What is the concept of 'linguistic landscapes' as discussed in the chapter?
How can the study of linguistic landscapes provide insights into the vitality of a minority linguistic community?
How can the study of linguistic landscapes provide insights into the vitality of a minority linguistic community?
Which of the following is a strategy mentioned in the chapter for reviving endangered languages?
Which of the following is a strategy mentioned in the chapter for reviving endangered languages?
The successful revival of Hebrew demonstrates that:
The successful revival of Hebrew demonstrates that:
What role does technology play in language shift, as discussed in the chapter?
What role does technology play in language shift, as discussed in the chapter?
How can technology be utilized as a tool for language maintenance and revitalization?
How can technology be utilized as a tool for language maintenance and revitalization?
What is one challenge associated with measuring ethnolinguistic vitality?
What is one challenge associated with measuring ethnolinguistic vitality?
Language planning and policies can influence language maintenance by:
Language planning and policies can influence language maintenance by:
An example of a language policy that supports minority language maintenance is:
An example of a language policy that supports minority language maintenance is:
Which additional factor is mentioned in the chapter as contributing to language shift but was not discussed in detail?
Which additional factor is mentioned in the chapter as contributing to language shift but was not discussed in detail?
Why is intergenerational language transmission critical for language maintenance, as discussed in the chapter?
Why is intergenerational language transmission critical for language maintenance, as discussed in the chapter?
How does globalization impact minority languages, according to the chapter?
How does globalization impact minority languages, according to the chapter?
Which of the following is a reason technology might accelerate language shift in minority communities?
Which of the following is a reason technology might accelerate language shift in minority communities?
The chapter mentions language policies in education as a means to support language maintenance. What is one example?
The chapter mentions language policies in education as a means to support language maintenance. What is one example?
What is one way that language planning can inadvertently contribute to language shift?
What is one way that language planning can inadvertently contribute to language shift?
In the context of language maintenance, what is one effect of a community's positive attitudes towards their language?
In the context of language maintenance, what is one effect of a community's positive attitudes towards their language?
Which of the following is an example of institutional support for a minority language in the media domain?
Which of the following is an example of institutional support for a minority language in the media domain?
The chapter suggests that achieving language maintenance requires more than wishing. Which of the following supports this statement?
The chapter suggests that achieving language maintenance requires more than wishing. Which of the following supports this statement?
Which of the following is a key component of language planning aimed at reviving a minority language?
Which of the following is a key component of language planning aimed at reviving a minority language?
According to the chapter, why might some language revival efforts not achieve their intended goals?
According to the chapter, why might some language revival efforts not achieve their intended goals?
According to the chapter, what is one of the primary reasons for language shift in migrant communities?
According to the chapter, what is one of the primary reasons for language shift in migrant communities?
In the context of language shift, which of the following is considered a domain where language use is observed?
In the context of language shift, which of the following is considered a domain where language use is observed?
What is typically the first domain in which children of migrant families encounter the majority language?
What is typically the first domain in which children of migrant families encounter the majority language?
Language shift can be observed through changes in language use across which of the following?
Language shift can be observed through changes in language use across which of the following?
According to the chapter, intermarriage between speakers of minority and majority languages tends to result in:
According to the chapter, intermarriage between speakers of minority and majority languages tends to result in:
Which of the following factors contributes to slower language shift in rural areas compared to urban areas?
Which of the following factors contributes to slower language shift in rural areas compared to urban areas?
The term language death refers to:
The term language death refers to:
What social factor can significantly contribute to the maintenance of a minority language?
What social factor can significantly contribute to the maintenance of a minority language?
Which of the following statements best describes ethnolinguistic vitality?
Which of the following statements best describes ethnolinguistic vitality?
What is one of the key demographic factors that affect language maintenance?
What is one of the key demographic factors that affect language maintenance?
Which factor is crucial in slowing down language shift in a minority language community?
Which factor is crucial in slowing down language shift in a minority language community?
Efforts to revive the Welsh language have included:
Efforts to revive the Welsh language have included:
What is ethnolinguistic vitality?
What is ethnolinguistic vitality?
Language shift tends to be slower when:
Language shift tends to be slower when:
Which type of bilingual education immerses students entirely in the minority language?
Which type of bilingual education immerses students entirely in the minority language?
An important demographic factor that supports language maintenance is:
An important demographic factor that supports language maintenance is:
Language shift is more rapid when:
Language shift is more rapid when:
What is a key reason that rural areas may resist language shift longer than urban areas?
What is a key reason that rural areas may resist language shift longer than urban areas?
Intermarriage between minority and majority language speakers often leads to:
Intermarriage between minority and majority language speakers often leads to:
An example of institutional support for language maintenance is:
An example of institutional support for language maintenance is:
Which of the following is an example of language death as opposed to language shift?
Which of the following is an example of language death as opposed to language shift?
Which term describes the process when individuals lose proficiency in their native language due to lack of use?
Which term describes the process when individuals lose proficiency in their native language due to lack of use?
In the context of language death, which of the following is a common pattern in the linguistic abilities of younger speakers?
In the context of language death, which of the following is a common pattern in the linguistic abilities of younger speakers?
Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as contributing to language shift?
Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as contributing to language shift?
What role does the size of a minority language group play in language maintenance?
What role does the size of a minority language group play in language maintenance?
Which of the following best explains why immigrant children might resist speaking their minority language?
Which of the following best explains why immigrant children might resist speaking their minority language?
A key step that communities can take to maintain their minority language is to:
A key step that communities can take to maintain their minority language is to:
In the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality, what does institutional support refer to?
In the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality, what does institutional support refer to?
What is a linguistic landscape?
What is a linguistic landscape?
Which of the following is an example of using media to support language maintenance?
Which of the following is an example of using media to support language maintenance?
What is one challenge in measuring ethnolinguistic vitality?
What is one challenge in measuring ethnolinguistic vitality?
The concept of immersion education involves:
The concept of immersion education involves:
Which historical example demonstrates that a language can be revived even after it has ceased to be spoken as a native language?
Which historical example demonstrates that a language can be revived even after it has ceased to be spoken as a native language?
In which setting is a minority language most likely to be maintained without outside support?
In which setting is a minority language most likely to be maintained without outside support?
Which of the following best explains why language shift may occur even without conscious decision by the community?
Which of the following best explains why language shift may occur even without conscious decision by the community?
Which group is likely to resist language shift longer?
Which group is likely to resist language shift longer?
An example of demographic support for language maintenance is:
An example of demographic support for language maintenance is:
Which of the following practices can help slow down language shift in mixed-language marriages?
Which of the following practices can help slow down language shift in mixed-language marriages?
Which of these options indicate strong vitality and maintenance potential of a minority language?
Which of these options indicate strong vitality and maintenance potential of a minority language?
An important factor for language maintenance within migrant communities is:
An important factor for language maintenance within migrant communities is:
In a diglossic situation leading to language shift, the typical pattern is:
In a diglossic situation leading to language shift, the typical pattern is:
Which of the following best describes why a language with a small number of speakers might still be maintained?
Which of the following best describes why a language with a small number of speakers might still be maintained?
What might be the impact of intergenerational transmission on language maintenance?
What might be the impact of intergenerational transmission on language maintenance?
Which outcome is possible when a minority language is only used during special ceremonies?
Which outcome is possible when a minority language is only used during special ceremonies?
An effective strategy to enhance the status of a minority language is to:
An effective strategy to enhance the status of a minority language is to:
In the context of language shift, unequal bilingualism refers to:
In the context of language shift, unequal bilingualism refers to:
What effect does a heritage language program in schools have on language maintenance?
What effect does a heritage language program in schools have on language maintenance?
Which of the following best explains the concept of 'language loss'?
Which of the following best explains the concept of 'language loss'?
Language maintenance is more challenging in a family when:
Language maintenance is more challenging in a family when:
Which of the following can be an indicator of a minority language's vitality when observed in a linguistic landscape?
Which of the following can be an indicator of a minority language's vitality when observed in a linguistic landscape?
Which of these statements reflects a factor that may slow down language shift?
Which of these statements reflects a factor that may slow down language shift?
A 'point of no return' in language loss refers to:
A 'point of no return' in language loss refers to:
Which factor is least likely to contribute to language maintenance?
Which factor is least likely to contribute to language maintenance?
Which of the following best describes the term 'killer language'?
Which of the following best describes the term 'killer language'?
One way communities can promote language maintenance is by:
One way communities can promote language maintenance is by:
How does urbanization typically affect language maintenance?
How does urbanization typically affect language maintenance?
Which societal attitude is most supportive of bilingualism and language maintenance?
Which societal attitude is most supportive of bilingualism and language maintenance?
Which of the following is a challenge in reviving a language?
Which of the following is a challenge in reviving a language?
Improved transportation and communication can impact language maintenance by:
Improved transportation and communication can impact language maintenance by:
Which of the following would be considered a formal domain where using the minority language can promote its maintenance?
Which of the following would be considered a formal domain where using the minority language can promote its maintenance?
What is the significance of having a 'linguistic landscape' that includes the minority language for its speakers?
What is the significance of having a 'linguistic landscape' that includes the minority language for its speakers?
Which of the following best illustrates the process of language shift in Maniben's experience as described in the chapter?
Which of the following best illustrates the process of language shift in Maniben's experience as described in the chapter?
In the example of Armeen, what is the primary concern regarding the Azeri language in Iran?
In the example of Armeen, what is the primary concern regarding the Azeri language in Iran?
The dominance of Farsi in public signage in Tabriz sends what symbolic message about the Azeri language?
The dominance of Farsi in public signage in Tabriz sends what symbolic message about the Azeri language?
Which factor contributed significantly to the language shift from Hungarian to German in the town of Oberwart?
Which factor contributed significantly to the language shift from Hungarian to German in the town of Oberwart?
In Oberwart, social networks influenced language use. Which of the following statements is true according to the chapter?
In Oberwart, social networks influenced language use. Which of the following statements is true according to the chapter?
What was the significance of the pattern of language use in Table 3.1 regarding the future of Hungarian in Oberwart?
What was the significance of the pattern of language use in Table 3.1 regarding the future of Hungarian in Oberwart?
Which demographic factor contributed to Crystal's rapid language shift from Spanish to English in New Zealand?
Which demographic factor contributed to Crystal's rapid language shift from Spanish to English in New Zealand?
In the context of language shift, what is one impact of improved transportation and communication on isolated minority language communities?
In the context of language shift, what is one impact of improved transportation and communication on isolated minority language communities?
Annie's experience with Dyirbal illustrates which of the following processes?
Annie's experience with Dyirbal illustrates which of the following processes?
Which of the following strategies did the Welsh government implement to support the revival of the Welsh language?
Which of the following strategies did the Welsh government implement to support the revival of the Welsh language?
In Exercise 9, Figure 3.1 presents dimensions for analyzing language maintenance and shift. Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions included?
In Exercise 9, Figure 3.1 presents dimensions for analyzing language maintenance and shift. Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions included?
The concept of ethnolinguistic vitality includes three main components. Which of the following is NOT one of these components?
The concept of ethnolinguistic vitality includes three main components. Which of the following is NOT one of these components?
What role do heritage language programs play in language maintenance?
What role do heritage language programs play in language maintenance?
Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)
Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)
Language shift can sometimes be slowed or reversed when the minority language:
Language shift can sometimes be slowed or reversed when the minority language:
Which of the following can negatively impact the maintenance of a minority language?
Which of the following can negatively impact the maintenance of a minority language?
According to the chapter, immigrants who feel their ethnic language is safe often:
According to the chapter, immigrants who feel their ethnic language is safe often:
Which of the following is an example of technology influencing language shift?
Which of the following is an example of technology influencing language shift?
What role do positive attitudes play in language maintenance?
What role do positive attitudes play in language maintenance?
Why might a minority group desire to maintain their language when moving to a new country?
Why might a minority group desire to maintain their language when moving to a new country?
An indication of a language's high status within a community is:
An indication of a language's high status within a community is:
Which of the following best describes the relationship between technological change and language shift?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between technological change and language shift?
A critical factor for the success of language revival efforts is:
A critical factor for the success of language revival efforts is:
Why might rural communities maintain a minority language longer than urban communities?
Why might rural communities maintain a minority language longer than urban communities?
Which of the following contributes to language shift in migrant communities?
Which of the following contributes to language shift in migrant communities?
Heritage language programs are designed to:
Heritage language programs are designed to:
What effect does frequent and regular contact with the homeland have on language maintenance?
What effect does frequent and regular contact with the homeland have on language maintenance?
In the study of language maintenance and shift, 'domains' refer to:
In the study of language maintenance and shift, 'domains' refer to:
Which of the following is a social factor that may inhibit language shift?
Which of the following is a social factor that may inhibit language shift?
Why is the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality useful in studying language maintenance and shift?
Why is the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality useful in studying language maintenance and shift?
A 'passive knowledge' of a language refers to:
A 'passive knowledge' of a language refers to:
Which scenario illustrates language loss at the individual level?
Which scenario illustrates language loss at the individual level?
Which action can help maintain a minority language within the family?
Which action can help maintain a minority language within the family?
Language death can be a result of:
Language death can be a result of:
Which of the following is an example of institutional support in the religious domain?
Which of the following is an example of institutional support in the religious domain?
Which of the following factors can contribute to language shift in a community?
Which of the following factors can contribute to language shift in a community?
The process by which one language displaces another in the linguistic repertoire of a community is called:
The process by which one language displaces another in the linguistic repertoire of a community is called:
A community that uses a minority language only in religious ceremonies is likely experiencing:
A community that uses a minority language only in religious ceremonies is likely experiencing:
What impact does a positive international status of a minority language have on its maintenance?
What impact does a positive international status of a minority language have on its maintenance?
An example of demographic support diminishing and affecting language maintenance is:
An example of demographic support diminishing and affecting language maintenance is:
Which is a potential outcome when a minority language lacks use in domains like education, media, and administration?
Which is a potential outcome when a minority language lacks use in domains like education, media, and administration?
Language maintenance efforts are more likely to succeed when the government:
Language maintenance efforts are more likely to succeed when the government:
In the context of language maintenance, an 'avoidance relationship' might explain:
In the context of language maintenance, an 'avoidance relationship' might explain:
Which of the following statements is true regarding language revival?
Which of the following statements is true regarding language revival?
The process by which speakers become less proficient in a language due to decreased use is called:
The process by which speakers become less proficient in a language due to decreased use is called:
Which activity would most likely aid in the maintenance of a minority language?
Which activity would most likely aid in the maintenance of a minority language?
An example of language shift driven by political factors is:
An example of language shift driven by political factors is:
What is one reason why the Maori language became endangered in New Zealand?
What is one reason why the Maori language became endangered in New Zealand?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of language maintenance?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of language maintenance?
Which of these is a cultural factor that supports language maintenance?
Which of these is a cultural factor that supports language maintenance?
In communities where bilingualism is the norm, language shift is:
In communities where bilingualism is the norm, language shift is:
Which type of domain is most susceptible to early language shift?
Which type of domain is most susceptible to early language shift?
What is one reason why the Maori language became endangered in New Zealand?
What is one reason why the Maori language became endangered in New Zealand?
Study Notes
Language Shift and Migrant Communities
- Migrant communities often shift to the majority language for economic and social advancement.
- The first domain where children encounter the majority language is typically school.
- Language shift can be observed through changes in language use across different domains over time.
Factors Influencing Language Shift
- Intermarriage between minority and majority language speakers accelerates the shift towards the majority language.
- Rural areas experience slower language shift due to isolation from political power centers, allowing ethnic language use for social needs.
- Economic pressures often drive rapid language shift toward the majority language, as proficiency is needed for social mobility.
Language Maintenance and Community Factors
- A minority language is more likely to be maintained when it is valued and considered a vital part of ethnic identity.
- Ethnolinguistic vitality refers to the likelihood of a language being maintained based on its status, demographics, and institutional support.
- Concentrated populations of minority speakers enable better maintenance of their language through frequent use.
Educational and Institutional Support
- Immersion education uses the minority language as the medium of instruction to promote fluency.
- Institutional support such as media broadcasts in the minority language enhances its maintenance.
- Community schools teaching in minority languages can help maintain language across generations.
Challenges and Patterns in Language Use
- Language death occurs when no native speakers are left, indicating extreme loss of a language.
- Simplification of grammatical structures and vocabulary often characterizes younger speakers of dying languages.
- Lack of domains for the minority language reduces practice opportunities, further threatening its maintenance.
Innovations in Language Revitalization
- Successful examples like the revival of Hebrew showcase that languages can be revitalized through concerted community efforts.
- Media in the minority language, like newspapers, serves as a crucial tool for maintaining language use in the community.
Personal and Social Dynamics
- Peer pressure among immigrant children may drive them to resist using their minority language in favor of the majority culture.
- Strong community pride and positive attitudes towards a minority language contribute to its resistance against shift.
Technological and Demographic Influences
- Technology can influence language shift by creating high-status domains where the majority language dominates.
- Minority languages struggle to expand into formal and technical domains due to the lack of established vocabulary in these fields.
Summary of Factors Impacting Language Maintenance
- Positive social attitudes, institutional support, and community size significantly contribute to the maintenance of minority languages.
- Negative attitudes, lack of institutional support, and economic pressures highlight the fragility of minority language maintenance efforts.### Language Shift and Maintenance
- Majority language dominance in media, such as television and the internet, can lead to reduced usage of minority languages.
- Positive community attitudes towards a language can encourage its use and support efforts for language maintenance.
- Migrant communities often seek to maintain their minority language to preserve their cultural identity and heritage rather than assimilate quickly.
Indicators of Language Status
- A language's high status within a community is indicated by its use in official settings and public signage.
- Language shift is often influenced by technological advancements that introduce more content in the majority language.
Language Revival and Community Support
- Successful language revival requires strong community motivation and a commitment to using the language.
- Rural communities may maintain their minority language longer due to less exposure to the majority language compared to urban settings.
The Role of Institutions and Government
- Institutional support, like heritage language programs, is vital for maintaining and promoting minority languages.
- Government support for minority languages can significantly contribute to their preservation and strength against language shift.
Factors Influencing Language Use
- Economic necessity often drives individuals in migrant communities to adopt the majority language for employment, leading to language shift.
- Language loss at the individual level can occur when someone becomes less proficient in their heritage language due to decreased use.
Language Maintenance Strategies
- Regular use of a minority language within families is essential for its maintenance.
- Active community events where the minority language is utilized help reinforce its value and promote maintenance.
Signs of Ethnolinguistic Vitality
- Strong ethnolinguistic vitality is indicated by active use of the minority language across multiple domains and by all age groups.
- Isolation and lack of exposure to the majority language can help sustain minority language use in rural areas.
Education and Language Domains
- Educational and workplace environments are susceptible to early language shift due to the dominance of the majority language.
- Heritage language programs in schools can enhance proficiency and pride in minority languages among students and lead to successful maintenance.
Cultural Factors and Language Confidence
- Cultural richness, including literature and arts in the minority language, fosters pride and encourages maintenance efforts.
- Language shift is less likely in communities with established bilingualism, as there is reduced pressure to abandon either language.
Challenges to Language Survival
- Limited use of a language to ceremonial contexts often indicates that it is at risk of becoming extinct outside those domains.
- An unequal bilingualism, where proficiency in the majority language exceeds that in the minority language, tends to lead to language shift.
Conclusion
- Effective strategies for enhancing the status of a minority language include promoting its use in media, education, and official capacities to raise its prestige.### Language Loss and Proficiency
- Language loss occurs when individuals exhibit decreasing proficiency in their native language due to reduced use.
- Regular contact and use of the minority language are crucial for maintaining proficiency.
Factors Influencing Language Maintenance
- The presence of both parents speaking the minority language at home supports maintenance.
- A single parent not speaking the minority language challenges its use and prevalence in familial contexts.
- Strong community support and public domain usage of the minority language enhance its vitality.
Indicators of Minority Language Vitality
- Visibility in public spaces, such as signs and advertisements, indicates active use and supports language vitality.
- Absence of the minority language in public signage suggests declining relevance and use.
Language Shift Dynamics
- New immigrants fluent in the minority language can slow down the language shift and ensure fresh input.
- The "point of no return" in language loss refers to a stage where revitalization efforts become significantly challenging.
- Language shift may be characterized by the gradual replacement of a native language with a dominant language in specific domains, such as the workplace.
Societal Attitudes and Bilingualism
- Valuing bilingualism as an asset within society fosters an environment that supports language maintenance.
- High intermarriage rates with majority language speakers can weaken the use of the minority language at home.
"Killer Language" Concept
- Killer languages, like English, can dominate and lead to the extinction of minority languages due to their prevalence and power.
Strategies for Language Maintenance
- Establishing media outlets in minority languages enhances exposure and normalizes their use.
- Using the minority language in formal settings, such as government proceedings, elevates its status within the community.
Impact of Urbanization and Connectivity
- Urbanization often accelerates language shift by increasing exposure to the dominant language.
- Improved transportation and communication can lead to greater contact with the majority language, potentially reducing minority language use.
Challenges in Language Revival
- Reviving a language requires a sufficient number of speakers and functional contexts for daily use.
- Heritage language programs play a significant role in supporting maintenance by providing education in minority languages.
Ethnolinguistic Vitality Components
- The vitality of a language encompasses its status, the size of its community, and institutional support, but does not include the individual economic wealth of speakers.
Language Erosion and Language Shift
- Language erosion reflects a gradual reduction in proficiency and usage among speakers.
- Language shift may be influenced by societal gender roles and the interaction with the majority language in professional settings.
Significance of Cultural Transmission
- Use of minority languages in cultural ceremonies relies on the presence of fluent elders who help transmit language and cultural protocols.
- Mass media can contribute to language shift by increasing exposure to the majority language among younger generations.
Linguistic Landscapes
- Linguistic landscapes represent the display of languages in public spaces, reflecting community language use and vitality.
Language Shift and Migrant Communities
- Migrant communities often shift to the majority language for economic and social advancement.
- The first domain where children encounter the majority language is typically school.
- Language shift can be observed through changes in language use across different domains over time.
Factors Influencing Language Shift
- Intermarriage between minority and majority language speakers accelerates the shift towards the majority language.
- Rural areas experience slower language shift due to isolation from political power centers, allowing ethnic language use for social needs.
- Economic pressures often drive rapid language shift toward the majority language, as proficiency is needed for social mobility.
Language Maintenance and Community Factors
- A minority language is more likely to be maintained when it is valued and considered a vital part of ethnic identity.
- Ethnolinguistic vitality refers to the likelihood of a language being maintained based on its status, demographics, and institutional support.
- Concentrated populations of minority speakers enable better maintenance of their language through frequent use.
Educational and Institutional Support
- Immersion education uses the minority language as the medium of instruction to promote fluency.
- Institutional support such as media broadcasts in the minority language enhances its maintenance.
- Community schools teaching in minority languages can help maintain language across generations.
Challenges and Patterns in Language Use
- Language death occurs when no native speakers are left, indicating extreme loss of a language.
- Simplification of grammatical structures and vocabulary often characterizes younger speakers of dying languages.
- Lack of domains for the minority language reduces practice opportunities, further threatening its maintenance.
Innovations in Language Revitalization
- Successful examples like the revival of Hebrew showcase that languages can be revitalized through concerted community efforts.
- Media in the minority language, like newspapers, serves as a crucial tool for maintaining language use in the community.
Personal and Social Dynamics
- Peer pressure among immigrant children may drive them to resist using their minority language in favor of the majority culture.
- Strong community pride and positive attitudes towards a minority language contribute to its resistance against shift.
Technological and Demographic Influences
- Technology can influence language shift by creating high-status domains where the majority language dominates.
- Minority languages struggle to expand into formal and technical domains due to the lack of established vocabulary in these fields.
Summary of Factors Impacting Language Maintenance
- Positive social attitudes, institutional support, and community size significantly contribute to the maintenance of minority languages.
- Negative attitudes, lack of institutional support, and economic pressures highlight the fragility of minority language maintenance efforts.### Language Shift and Maintenance
- Majority language dominance in media, such as television and the internet, can lead to reduced usage of minority languages.
- Positive community attitudes towards a language can encourage its use and support efforts for language maintenance.
- Migrant communities often seek to maintain their minority language to preserve their cultural identity and heritage rather than assimilate quickly.
Indicators of Language Status
- A language's high status within a community is indicated by its use in official settings and public signage.
- Language shift is often influenced by technological advancements that introduce more content in the majority language.
Language Revival and Community Support
- Successful language revival requires strong community motivation and a commitment to using the language.
- Rural communities may maintain their minority language longer due to less exposure to the majority language compared to urban settings.
The Role of Institutions and Government
- Institutional support, like heritage language programs, is vital for maintaining and promoting minority languages.
- Government support for minority languages can significantly contribute to their preservation and strength against language shift.
Factors Influencing Language Use
- Economic necessity often drives individuals in migrant communities to adopt the majority language for employment, leading to language shift.
- Language loss at the individual level can occur when someone becomes less proficient in their heritage language due to decreased use.
Language Maintenance Strategies
- Regular use of a minority language within families is essential for its maintenance.
- Active community events where the minority language is utilized help reinforce its value and promote maintenance.
Signs of Ethnolinguistic Vitality
- Strong ethnolinguistic vitality is indicated by active use of the minority language across multiple domains and by all age groups.
- Isolation and lack of exposure to the majority language can help sustain minority language use in rural areas.
Education and Language Domains
- Educational and workplace environments are susceptible to early language shift due to the dominance of the majority language.
- Heritage language programs in schools can enhance proficiency and pride in minority languages among students and lead to successful maintenance.
Cultural Factors and Language Confidence
- Cultural richness, including literature and arts in the minority language, fosters pride and encourages maintenance efforts.
- Language shift is less likely in communities with established bilingualism, as there is reduced pressure to abandon either language.
Challenges to Language Survival
- Limited use of a language to ceremonial contexts often indicates that it is at risk of becoming extinct outside those domains.
- An unequal bilingualism, where proficiency in the majority language exceeds that in the minority language, tends to lead to language shift.
Conclusion
- Effective strategies for enhancing the status of a minority language include promoting its use in media, education, and official capacities to raise its prestige.### Language Loss and Proficiency
- Language loss occurs when individuals exhibit decreasing proficiency in their native language due to reduced use.
- Regular contact and use of the minority language are crucial for maintaining proficiency.
Factors Influencing Language Maintenance
- The presence of both parents speaking the minority language at home supports maintenance.
- A single parent not speaking the minority language challenges its use and prevalence in familial contexts.
- Strong community support and public domain usage of the minority language enhance its vitality.
Indicators of Minority Language Vitality
- Visibility in public spaces, such as signs and advertisements, indicates active use and supports language vitality.
- Absence of the minority language in public signage suggests declining relevance and use.
Language Shift Dynamics
- New immigrants fluent in the minority language can slow down the language shift and ensure fresh input.
- The "point of no return" in language loss refers to a stage where revitalization efforts become significantly challenging.
- Language shift may be characterized by the gradual replacement of a native language with a dominant language in specific domains, such as the workplace.
Societal Attitudes and Bilingualism
- Valuing bilingualism as an asset within society fosters an environment that supports language maintenance.
- High intermarriage rates with majority language speakers can weaken the use of the minority language at home.
"Killer Language" Concept
- Killer languages, like English, can dominate and lead to the extinction of minority languages due to their prevalence and power.
Strategies for Language Maintenance
- Establishing media outlets in minority languages enhances exposure and normalizes their use.
- Using the minority language in formal settings, such as government proceedings, elevates its status within the community.
Impact of Urbanization and Connectivity
- Urbanization often accelerates language shift by increasing exposure to the dominant language.
- Improved transportation and communication can lead to greater contact with the majority language, potentially reducing minority language use.
Challenges in Language Revival
- Reviving a language requires a sufficient number of speakers and functional contexts for daily use.
- Heritage language programs play a significant role in supporting maintenance by providing education in minority languages.
Ethnolinguistic Vitality Components
- The vitality of a language encompasses its status, the size of its community, and institutional support, but does not include the individual economic wealth of speakers.
Language Erosion and Language Shift
- Language erosion reflects a gradual reduction in proficiency and usage among speakers.
- Language shift may be influenced by societal gender roles and the interaction with the majority language in professional settings.
Significance of Cultural Transmission
- Use of minority languages in cultural ceremonies relies on the presence of fluent elders who help transmit language and cultural protocols.
- Mass media can contribute to language shift by increasing exposure to the majority language among younger generations.
Linguistic Landscapes
- Linguistic landscapes represent the display of languages in public spaces, reflecting community language use and vitality.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
This quiz focuses on Chapter 3, which discusses the reasons behind language shift in migrant communities. It highlights factors such as social and economic advancement that influence this phenomenon. Test your understanding of the key concepts and implications discussed in the chapter.
