Language Maintenance and Shift- Chapter 3
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Questions and Answers

Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)

  • Exclusive use of the majority language
  • Active use of the minority language across multiple domains and by all age groups (correct)
  • Minority language used only by elderly members
  • Minority language dying out in all domains

    • An important factor for language maintenance within migrant communities is:

  • Complete isolation from the majority society
  • Integration and only using the majority language
  • Establishing community structures like churches and schools using their language (correct)
  • Avoiding any educational opportunities

    • In a diglossic situation leading to language shift, the typical pattern is:

  • Both varieties being maintained equally
  • The H variety displacing the L variety (correct)
  • Neither variety being used
  • The L variety displacing the H variety

    • Which of the following best describes why a language with a small number of speakers might still be maintained?

    <p>Strong feelings of identity and pride among its speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be the impact of intergenerational transmission on language maintenance?

    <p>It can lead to language shift if not continued</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome is possible when a minority language is only used during special ceremonies?

    <p>The language is at risk of becoming extinct except for ceremonial phrases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An effective strategy to enhance the status of a minority language is to:

    <p>Promote its use in media, education, and government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language shift, unequal bilingualism refers to:

    <p>Greater proficiency in the majority language and limited use of the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a heritage language program in schools have on language maintenance?

    <p>It enhances proficiency and pride in the minority language among students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the concept of 'language loss'?

    <p>Decreasing individual proficiency in a language due to reduced use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language maintenance is more challenging in a family when:

    <p>One parent does not speak the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be an indicator of a minority language's vitality when observed in a linguistic landscape?

    <p>Presence of minority language signs in shops, advertisements, and public notices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements reflects a factor that may slow down language shift?

    <p>Regular arrival of new immigrants who speak the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 'point of no return' in language loss refers to:

    <p>The idea that after a certain point, revival efforts may not be successful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to contribute to language maintenance?

    <p>High levels of intermarriage with majority language speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'killer language'?

    <p>A language that causes other languages to become extinct due to its dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One way communities can promote language maintenance is by:

    <p>Establishing media outlets like radio and television in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does urbanization typically affect language maintenance?

    <p>It often leads to language shift due to increased use of the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which societal attitude is most supportive of bilingualism and language maintenance?

    <p>Valuing bilingualism as an asset and normal part of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a challenge in reviving a language?

    <p>Lack of speakers and limited functional use in daily life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Improved transportation and communication can impact language maintenance by:

    <p>Increasing exposure to the majority language and potentially reducing minority language use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be considered a formal domain where using the minority language can promote its maintenance?

    <p>Official government proceedings conducted in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having a 'linguistic landscape' that includes the minority language for its speakers?

    <p>It serves as a visual affirmation of the language's presence and vitality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the process of language shift in Maniben's experience as described in the chapter?

    <p>Gradual replacement of her native language with the majority language at work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example of Armeen, what is the primary concern regarding the Azeri language in Iran?

    <p>It is losing domains of use to Farsi and not being taught formally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dominance of Farsi in public signage in Tabriz sends what symbolic message about the Azeri language?

    <p>Azeri is considered irrelevant by the government due to the dominance of Farsi in public spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed significantly to the language shift from Hungarian to German in the town of Oberwart?

    <p>Industrialization leading to the expansion of German's functions and association with progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Oberwart, social networks influenced language use. Which of the following statements is true according to the chapter?

    <p>Interactions between younger people and those in professional jobs predominantly occurred in German</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the pattern of language use in Table 3.1 regarding the future of Hungarian in Oberwart?

    <p>It suggested that German was gradually displacing Hungarian, especially among younger speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic factor contributed to Crystal's rapid language shift from Spanish to English in New Zealand?

    <p>She lived in a small town with no opportunities to use Spanish outside the home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language shift, what is one impact of improved transportation and communication on isolated minority language communities?

    <p>It increases exposure to the majority language, potentially accelerating language shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Annie's experience with Dyirbal illustrates which of the following processes?

    <p>Gradual language loss due to decreasing use and proficiency among younger speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chapter, what is one of the primary reasons for language shift in migrant communities?

    <p>Economic and social advancement in the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies did the Welsh government implement to support the revival of the Welsh language?

    <p>Establishing Welsh-language television channels and effective bilingual education programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language shift, which of the following is considered a 'domain' where language use is observed?

    <p>Work, home, school settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically the first domain in which children of migrant families encounter the majority language?

    <p>School</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Exercise 9, Figure 3.1 presents dimensions for analyzing language maintenance and shift. Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions included?

    <p>Technological Factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of ethnolinguistic vitality includes three main components. Which of the following is NOT one of these components?

    <p>Individual speakers' economic wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language shift can be observed through changes in language use across which of the following?

    <p>Different domains over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chapter, intermarriage between speakers of minority and majority languages tends to result in:

    <p>Shift towards the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to slower language shift in rural areas compared to urban areas?

    <p>Isolation from political centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'language death' refers to:

    <p>A language no longer spoken naturally anywhere in the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social factor can significantly contribute to the maintenance of a minority language?

    <p>High prestige and positive value placed on the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes 'ethnolinguistic vitality'?

    <p>The likelihood that a language will be maintained based on status, demographics, and institutional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key demographic factors that affect language maintenance?

    <p>Size and concentration of the minority group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial in slowing down language shift in a minority language community?

    <p>Strong community pride and positive attitudes towards the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Efforts to revive the Welsh language have included:

    <p>Establishing Welsh-language television channels and bilingual education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'ethnolinguistic vitality'?

    <p>An assessment of a language's likelihood to be maintained, considering status, demographics, and institutional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language shift tends to be slower when:

    <p>The minority language has official status and institutional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bilingual education immerses students entirely in the minority language?

    <p>Immersion education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An important demographic factor that supports language maintenance is:

    <p>Large group size concentrated in one area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language shift is more rapid when:

    <p>Economic advancement requires proficiency in the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason that rural areas may resist language shift longer than urban areas?

    <p>They have less exposure to the majority language due to isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intermarriage between minority and majority language speakers often leads to:

    <p>Shift towards the majority language in the home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of institutional support for language maintenance is:

    <p>Having radio and TV broadcasts in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of language death as opposed to language shift?

    <p>Manx language becoming extinct after the death of its last native speaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process when individuals lose proficiency in their native language due to lack of use?

    <p>Language loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language death, which of the following is a common pattern in the linguistic abilities of younger speakers?

    <p>Simplification of grammatical structures and reduced vocabulary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as contributing to language shift?

    <p>Strong institutional support for the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the size of a minority language group play in language maintenance?

    <p>Larger, concentrated groups can better maintain their language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why immigrant children might resist speaking their minority language?

    <p>Peer pressure and desire to fit into the majority culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A key step that communities can take to maintain their minority language is to:

    <p>Establish community schools that teach in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality, what does institutional support refer to?

    <p>Use of the language in education, government, and media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a linguistic landscape?

    <p>Visual language use in public spaces, such as signs and billboards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of using media to support language maintenance?

    <p>Publishing newspapers and magazines in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge in measuring ethnolinguistic vitality?

    <p>The components are subjective and difficult to measure precisely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of 'immersion education' involves:

    <p>Using the minority language as the medium of instruction for various subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical example demonstrates that a language can be revived even after it has ceased to be spoken as a native language?

    <p>The revival of Hebrew in Israel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which setting is a minority language most likely to be maintained without outside support?

    <p>In homes where only the minority language is spoken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why language shift may occur even without conscious decision by the community?

    <p>The community does not perceive their language to be under threat and focuses on learning the majority language for advancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is likely to resist language shift longer?

    <p>A large minority group with strong community structures and positive attitudes toward their language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of demographic support for language maintenance is:

    <p>Concentration of minority language speakers in a particular region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices can help slow down language shift in mixed-language marriages?

    <p>The minority language-speaking parent consistently using their language with the children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging for a minority language to expand into high-status domains?

    Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of heritage language programs?

    <p>They provide instruction in the minority language to support maintenance and cultural identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of 'language erosion'?

    <p>The gradual reduction in proficiency and use of a language among its speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was identified as a key factor in the successful revitalization of Hebrew?

    <p>Strong nationalist sentiment leading adults to actively use Hebrew with their children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to differences in who influences language shift?

    <p>Employment opportunities and societal gender roles affecting who interacts more with the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for maintaining a minority language?

    <p>Regular, meaningful communication in the language across various domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do social pressures play in language shift among migrant communities?

    <p>Pressuring migrants to adopt the majority language to fit in with the larger society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Maori communities, the use of Maori in ceremonies depends on:

    <p>The availability of respected elders who are fluent in the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do mass media platforms like television have on language maintenance in minority communities?

    <p>They can contribute to language shift by increasing exposure to the majority language, especially among younger generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of 'linguistic landscapes'?

    <p>The display of languages in public spaces, such as signs and billboards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the study of linguistic landscapes provide insights into the vitality of a minority linguistic community?

    <p>By examining the presence and visibility of the minority language in public signs and notices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a strategy for reviving endangered languages?

    <p>Implementing immersion education programs using the endangered language as the medium of instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The successful revival of Hebrew demonstrates that:

    <p>Strong nationalist feelings and deliberate efforts can lead to the revival of a language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does technology play in language shift?

    <p>Increased accessibility of majority language content through technology can contribute to language shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can technology be utilized as a tool for language maintenance and revitalization?

    <p>Through the development of digital resources, apps, and online content in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge associated with measuring ethnolinguistic vitality?

    <p>Attitudes and perceptions are subjective and hard to quantify precisely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language planning and policies can influence language maintenance by:

    <p>Implementing supportive policies that promote the use of minority languages in official domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a language policy that supports minority language maintenance is:

    <p>Making the minority language a compulsory subject in education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additional factor is a contributor to language shift?

    <p>Technological change, including access to online content and media in the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is intergenerational language transmission critical for language maintenance?

    <p>Without transmitting the language to children, the language cannot continue to be used in daily life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does globalization impact minority languages?

    <p>It can contribute to language shift by promoting majority languages worldwide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason technology might accelerate language shift in minority communities?

    <p>Majority language dominance in online content and digital communication platforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of language policies in education that supports language maintenance?

    <p>Offering bilingual education programs that teach subjects in both the minority and majority languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that language planning can inadvertently contribute to language shift?

    <p>By mandating monolingual education exclusively in the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language maintenance, what is one effect of a community's positive attitudes towards their language?

    <p>It can strengthen efforts to use the language in various domains, aiding maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of institutional support for a minority language in the media domain?

    <p>Establishing radio and television stations that air programs in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What supports the statement that achieving language maintenance requires more than wishing?

    <p>Active and conscious efforts are necessary to create opportunities and domains for language use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key component of language planning aimed at reviving a minority language?

    <p>Developing educational materials and curricula in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chapter, why might some language revival efforts not achieve their intended goals?

    <p>Insufficient desire or motivation within the community to revive the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options are correct regarding high-status domains and minority languages? (Select all that apply)

    <p>High-status domains often require established technical vocabulary and formal registers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language shift can sometimes be slowed or reversed when the minority language:

    <p>Becomes associated with social and economic progress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can negatively impact the maintenance of a minority language?

    <p>Lack of domains where the minority language is used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chapter, immigrants who feel their ethnic language is safe often:

    <p>Do nothing, which can lead to its loss over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of technology influencing language shift?

    <p>Television and internet primarily available in the majority language reducing minority language use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do positive attitudes play in language maintenance?

    <p>They support maintenance by encouraging the use of the minority language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a minority group desire to maintain their language when moving to a new country?

    <p>To maintain their identity and cultural heritage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An indication of a language's high status within a community is:

    <p>It is used in official settings and public signage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between technological change and language shift?

    <p>Technological advances can introduce majority language content, decreasing minority language use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A critical factor for the success of language revival efforts is:

    <p>Strong community desire and motivation to revive the language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might rural communities maintain a minority language longer than urban communities?

    <p>They have less exposure to the majority language due to isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to language shift in migrant communities?

    <p>Economic necessity to use the majority language for employment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heritage language programs are designed to:

    <p>Promote and maintain the minority language among younger generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does frequent and regular contact with the homeland have on language maintenance?

    <p>It provides new linguistic input, encouraging maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study of language maintenance and shift, 'domains' refer to:

    <p>Contexts or settings where certain languages are used, such as home or work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a social factor that may inhibit language shift?

    <p>Community efforts to promote the minority language in various settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality useful in studying language maintenance and shift?

    <p>It offers a framework to analyze factors affecting language maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 'passive knowledge' of a language refers to:

    <p>Understanding the language but not actively using it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario illustrates language loss at the individual level?

    <p>An individual stops using their native language and becomes less proficient over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action can help maintain a minority language within the family?

    <p>Parents consistently using the minority language with their children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language death can be a result of:

    <p>Massacre or epidemic eliminating all speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of institutional support in the religious domain?

    <p>Offering religious services in the minority language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can contribute to language shift in a community?

    <p>Economic necessity to adopt the majority language for employment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which one language displaces another in the linguistic repertoire of a community is called:

    <p>Language shift.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A community that uses a minority language only in religious ceremonies is likely experiencing:

    <p>Language shift.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does a positive international status of a minority language have on its maintenance?

    <p>It contributes positively by enhancing pride and motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of demographic support diminishing and affecting language maintenance is:

    <p>Out-migration of minority language speakers to urban areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a potential outcome when a minority language lacks use in domains like education, media, and administration?

    <p>Language shift towards the majority language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language maintenance efforts are more likely to succeed when the government:

    <p>Actively supports and promotes the minority language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language maintenance, an 'avoidance relationship' might explain:

    <p>The refusal of two speakers to communicate in their shared language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding language revival?

    <p>It can be successful with strong community motivation and support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which speakers become less proficient in a language due to decreased use is called:

    <p>Language loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity would most likely aid in the maintenance of a minority language?

    <p>Offering community events where the minority language is used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of language shift driven by political factors is:

    <p>A government imposing an official language, leading to diminished use of a minority language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why the Maori language became endangered in New Zealand?

    <p>English became dominant in most domains, including media and education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the concept of language maintenance?

    <p>A community actively using and teaching their language to younger generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a cultural factor that supports language maintenance?

    <p>A strong tradition of literature and arts in the minority language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In communities where bilingualism is the norm, language shift is:

    <p>Less likely to occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of domain is most susceptible to early language shift?

    <p>Educational and workplace environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of heritage language programs?

    <p>They provide instruction in the minority language to support maintenance and cultural identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of 'language erosion' mentioned in the chapter?

    <p>The gradual reduction in proficiency and use of a language among its speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In discussing the revival of Hebrew, what was identified as a key factor in its successful revitalization?

    <p>Strong nationalist sentiment leading adults to actively use Hebrew with their children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chapter, language shift can sometimes be led by women or men depending on:

    <p>Employment opportunities and societal gender roles affecting who interacts more with the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To effectively maintain a minority language, there must be:

    <p>Regular, meaningful communication in the language across various domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chapter, social pressures to conform play what role in the language shift among migrant communities?

    <p>Pressuring migrants to adopt the majority language to fit in with the larger society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chapter mentions that in many Maori communities, the use of Maori in ceremonies depends on:

    <p>The availability of respected elders who are fluent in the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do mass media platforms such as television have on language maintenance in minority communities?

    <p>They can contribute to language shift by increasing exposure to the majority language, especially among younger generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of 'linguistic landscapes' as discussed in the chapter?

    <p>The display of languages in public spaces, such as signs and billboards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the study of linguistic landscapes provide insights into the vitality of a minority linguistic community?

    <p>By examining the presence and visibility of the minority language in public signs and notices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a strategy mentioned in the chapter for reviving endangered languages?

    <p>Implementing immersion education programs using the endangered language as the medium of instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The successful revival of Hebrew demonstrates that:

    <p>Strong nationalist feelings and deliberate efforts can lead to the revival of a language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does technology play in language shift, as discussed in the chapter?

    <p>Increased accessibility of majority language content through technology can contribute to language shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can technology be utilized as a tool for language maintenance and revitalization?

    <p>Through the development of digital resources, apps, and online content in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge associated with measuring ethnolinguistic vitality?

    <p>Attitudes and perceptions are subjective and hard to quantify precisely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language planning and policies can influence language maintenance by:

    <p>Implementing supportive policies that promote the use of minority languages in official domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a language policy that supports minority language maintenance is:

    <p>Making the minority language a compulsory subject in education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additional factor is mentioned in the chapter as contributing to language shift but was not discussed in detail?

    <p>Technological change, including access to online content and media in the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is intergenerational language transmission critical for language maintenance, as discussed in the chapter?

    <p>Without transmitting the language to children, the language cannot continue to be used in daily life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does globalization impact minority languages, according to the chapter?

    <p>It can contribute to language shift by promoting majority languages worldwide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason technology might accelerate language shift in minority communities?

    <p>Majority language dominance in online content and digital communication platforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chapter mentions language policies in education as a means to support language maintenance. What is one example?

    <p>Offering bilingual education programs that teach subjects in both the minority and majority languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that language planning can inadvertently contribute to language shift?

    <p>By mandating monolingual education exclusively in the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language maintenance, what is one effect of a community's positive attitudes towards their language?

    <p>It can strengthen efforts to use the language in various domains, aiding maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of institutional support for a minority language in the media domain?

    <p>Establishing radio and television stations that air programs in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chapter suggests that achieving language maintenance requires more than wishing. Which of the following supports this statement?

    <p>Active and conscious efforts are necessary to create opportunities and domains for language use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key component of language planning aimed at reviving a minority language?

    <p>Developing educational materials and curricula in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chapter, why might some language revival efforts not achieve their intended goals?

    <p>Insufficient desire or motivation within the community to revive the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chapter, what is one of the primary reasons for language shift in migrant communities?

    <p>Economic and social advancement in the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language shift, which of the following is considered a domain where language use is observed?

    <p>Work, home, school settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically the first domain in which children of migrant families encounter the majority language?

    <p>School</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language shift can be observed through changes in language use across which of the following?

    <p>Different domains over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chapter, intermarriage between speakers of minority and majority languages tends to result in:

    <p>Shift towards the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to slower language shift in rural areas compared to urban areas?

    <p>Isolation from political centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term language death refers to:

    <p>A language no longer spoken naturally anywhere in the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social factor can significantly contribute to the maintenance of a minority language?

    <p>High prestige and positive value placed on the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes ethnolinguistic vitality?

    <p>The likelihood that a language will be maintained based on status, demographics, and institutional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key demographic factors that affect language maintenance?

    <p>Size and concentration of the minority group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial in slowing down language shift in a minority language community?

    <p>Strong community pride and positive attitudes towards the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Efforts to revive the Welsh language have included:

    <p>Establishing Welsh-language television channels and bilingual education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ethnolinguistic vitality?

    <p>An assessment of a language's likelihood to be maintained, considering status, demographics, and institutional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language shift tends to be slower when:

    <p>The minority language has official status and institutional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bilingual education immerses students entirely in the minority language?

    <p>Immersion education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An important demographic factor that supports language maintenance is:

    <p>Large group size concentrated in one area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language shift is more rapid when:

    <p>Economic advancement requires proficiency in the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason that rural areas may resist language shift longer than urban areas?

    <p>They have less exposure to the majority language due to isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intermarriage between minority and majority language speakers often leads to:

    <p>Shift towards the majority language in the home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of institutional support for language maintenance is:

    <p>Having radio and TV broadcasts in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of language death as opposed to language shift?

    <p>Manx language becoming extinct after the death of its last native speaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process when individuals lose proficiency in their native language due to lack of use?

    <p>Language loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language death, which of the following is a common pattern in the linguistic abilities of younger speakers?

    <p>Simplification of grammatical structures and reduced vocabulary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as contributing to language shift?

    <p>Strong institutional support for the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the size of a minority language group play in language maintenance?

    <p>Larger, concentrated groups can better maintain their language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why immigrant children might resist speaking their minority language?

    <p>Peer pressure and desire to fit into the majority culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A key step that communities can take to maintain their minority language is to:

    <p>Establish community schools that teach in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality, what does institutional support refer to?

    <p>Use of the language in education, government, and media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a linguistic landscape?

    <p>Visual language use in public spaces, such as signs and billboards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of using media to support language maintenance?

    <p>Publishing newspapers and magazines in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge in measuring ethnolinguistic vitality?

    <p>The components are subjective and difficult to measure precisely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of immersion education involves:

    <p>Using the minority language as the medium of instruction for various subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical example demonstrates that a language can be revived even after it has ceased to be spoken as a native language?

    <p>The revival of Hebrew in Israel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which setting is a minority language most likely to be maintained without outside support?

    <p>In homes where only the minority language is spoken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why language shift may occur even without conscious decision by the community?

    <p>The community does not perceive their language to be under threat and focuses on learning the majority language for advancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is likely to resist language shift longer?

    <p>A large minority group with strong community structures and positive attitudes toward their language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of demographic support for language maintenance is:

    <p>Concentration of minority language speakers in a particular region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices can help slow down language shift in mixed-language marriages?

    <p>The minority language-speaking parent consistently using their language with the children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options indicate strong vitality and maintenance potential of a minority language?

    <p>Active use of the minority language across multiple domains and by all age groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An important factor for language maintenance within migrant communities is:

    <p>Establishing community structures like churches and schools using their language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a diglossic situation leading to language shift, the typical pattern is:

    <p>The H variety displacing the L variety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes why a language with a small number of speakers might still be maintained?

    <p>Strong feelings of identity and pride among its speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be the impact of intergenerational transmission on language maintenance?

    <p>It can lead to language shift if not continued</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome is possible when a minority language is only used during special ceremonies?

    <p>The language is at risk of becoming extinct except for ceremonial phrases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An effective strategy to enhance the status of a minority language is to:

    <p>Promote its use in media, education, and government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language shift, unequal bilingualism refers to:

    <p>Greater proficiency in the majority language and limited use of the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a heritage language program in schools have on language maintenance?

    <p>It enhances proficiency and pride in the minority language among students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the concept of 'language loss'?

    <p>Decreasing individual proficiency in a language due to reduced use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language maintenance is more challenging in a family when:

    <p>One parent does not speak the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be an indicator of a minority language's vitality when observed in a linguistic landscape?

    <p>Presence of minority language signs in shops, advertisements, and public notices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements reflects a factor that may slow down language shift?

    <p>Regular arrival of new immigrants who speak the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 'point of no return' in language loss refers to:

    <p>The idea that after a certain point, revival efforts may not be successful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to contribute to language maintenance?

    <p>High levels of intermarriage with majority language speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'killer language'?

    <p>A language that causes other languages to become extinct due to its dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One way communities can promote language maintenance is by:

    <p>Establishing media outlets like radio and television in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does urbanization typically affect language maintenance?

    <p>It often leads to language shift due to increased use of the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which societal attitude is most supportive of bilingualism and language maintenance?

    <p>Valuing bilingualism as an asset and normal part of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a challenge in reviving a language?

    <p>Lack of speakers and limited functional use in daily life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Improved transportation and communication can impact language maintenance by:

    <p>Increasing exposure to the majority language and potentially reducing minority language use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be considered a formal domain where using the minority language can promote its maintenance?

    <p>Official government proceedings conducted in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having a 'linguistic landscape' that includes the minority language for its speakers?

    <p>It serves as a visual affirmation of the language's presence and vitality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the process of language shift in Maniben's experience as described in the chapter?

    <p>Gradual replacement of her native language with the majority language at work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example of Armeen, what is the primary concern regarding the Azeri language in Iran?

    <p>It is losing domains of use to Farsi and not being taught formally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dominance of Farsi in public signage in Tabriz sends what symbolic message about the Azeri language?

    <p>Azeri is considered irrelevant by the government due to the dominance of Farsi in public spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed significantly to the language shift from Hungarian to German in the town of Oberwart?

    <p>Industrialization leading to the expansion of German's functions and association with progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Oberwart, social networks influenced language use. Which of the following statements is true according to the chapter?

    <p>Interactions between younger people and those in professional jobs predominantly occurred in German</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the pattern of language use in Table 3.1 regarding the future of Hungarian in Oberwart?

    <p>It suggested that German was gradually displacing Hungarian, especially among younger speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic factor contributed to Crystal's rapid language shift from Spanish to English in New Zealand?

    <p>She lived in a small town with no opportunities to use Spanish outside the home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language shift, what is one impact of improved transportation and communication on isolated minority language communities?

    <p>It increases exposure to the majority language, potentially accelerating language shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Annie's experience with Dyirbal illustrates which of the following processes?

    <p>Gradual language loss due to decreasing use and proficiency among younger speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies did the Welsh government implement to support the revival of the Welsh language?

    <p>Establishing Welsh-language television channels and effective bilingual education programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Exercise 9, Figure 3.1 presents dimensions for analyzing language maintenance and shift. Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions included?

    <p>Technological Factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of ethnolinguistic vitality includes three main components. Which of the following is NOT one of these components?

    <p>Individual speakers' economic wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do heritage language programs play in language maintenance?

    <p>Heritage language programs support language maintenance by providing resources and education in the minority language, fostering pride and proficiency among speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)

    <p>High-status domains often require established technical vocabulary and formal registers that the minority language may lack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language shift can sometimes be slowed or reversed when the minority language:

    <p>Becomes associated with social and economic progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can negatively impact the maintenance of a minority language?

    <p>Lack of domains where the minority language is used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chapter, immigrants who feel their ethnic language is safe often:

    <p>Do nothing, which can lead to its loss over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of technology influencing language shift?

    <p>Television and internet primarily available in the majority language reducing minority language use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do positive attitudes play in language maintenance?

    <p>They support maintenance by encouraging the use of the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a minority group desire to maintain their language when moving to a new country?

    <p>To maintain their identity and cultural heritage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An indication of a language's high status within a community is:

    <p>It is used in official settings and public signage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between technological change and language shift?

    <p>Technological advances can introduce majority language content, decreasing minority language use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A critical factor for the success of language revival efforts is:

    <p>Strong community desire and motivation to revive the language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might rural communities maintain a minority language longer than urban communities?

    <p>They have less exposure to the majority language due to isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to language shift in migrant communities?

    <p>Economic necessity to use the majority language for employment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heritage language programs are designed to:

    <p>Promote and maintain the minority language among younger generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does frequent and regular contact with the homeland have on language maintenance?

    <p>It provides new linguistic input, encouraging maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study of language maintenance and shift, 'domains' refer to:

    <p>Contexts or settings where certain languages are used, such as home or work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a social factor that may inhibit language shift?

    <p>Community efforts to promote the minority language in various settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality useful in studying language maintenance and shift?

    <p>It offers a framework to analyze factors affecting language maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 'passive knowledge' of a language refers to:

    <p>Understanding the language but not actively using it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario illustrates language loss at the individual level?

    <p>An individual stops using their native language and becomes less proficient over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action can help maintain a minority language within the family?

    <p>Parents consistently using the minority language with their children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language death can be a result of:

    <p>Massacre or epidemic eliminating all speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of institutional support in the religious domain?

    <p>Offering religious services in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can contribute to language shift in a community?

    <p>Economic necessity to adopt the majority language for employment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which one language displaces another in the linguistic repertoire of a community is called:

    <p>Language shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A community that uses a minority language only in religious ceremonies is likely experiencing:

    <p>Language shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does a positive international status of a minority language have on its maintenance?

    <p>It contributes positively by enhancing pride and motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of demographic support diminishing and affecting language maintenance is:

    <p>Out-migration of minority language speakers to urban areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a potential outcome when a minority language lacks use in domains like education, media, and administration?

    <p>Language shift towards the majority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language maintenance efforts are more likely to succeed when the government:

    <p>Actively supports and promotes the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language maintenance, an 'avoidance relationship' might explain:

    <p>The refusal of two speakers to communicate in their shared language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding language revival?

    <p>It can be successful with strong community motivation and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which speakers become less proficient in a language due to decreased use is called:

    <p>Language loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity would most likely aid in the maintenance of a minority language?

    <p>Offering community events where the minority language is used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of language shift driven by political factors is:

    <p>A government imposing an official language, leading to diminished use of a minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why the Maori language became endangered in New Zealand?

    <p>English became dominant in most domains, including media and education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the concept of language maintenance?

    <p>A community actively using and teaching their language to younger generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a cultural factor that supports language maintenance?

    <p>A strong tradition of literature and arts in the minority language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In communities where bilingualism is the norm, language shift is:

    <p>Less likely to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of domain is most susceptible to early language shift?

    <p>Educational and workplace environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why the Maori language became endangered in New Zealand?

    <p>English became dominant in most domains, including media and education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Language Shift and Migrant Communities

    • Migrant communities often shift to the majority language for economic and social advancement.
    • The first domain where children encounter the majority language is typically school.
    • Language shift can be observed through changes in language use across different domains over time.

    Factors Influencing Language Shift

    • Intermarriage between minority and majority language speakers accelerates the shift towards the majority language.
    • Rural areas experience slower language shift due to isolation from political power centers, allowing ethnic language use for social needs.
    • Economic pressures often drive rapid language shift toward the majority language, as proficiency is needed for social mobility.

    Language Maintenance and Community Factors

    • A minority language is more likely to be maintained when it is valued and considered a vital part of ethnic identity.
    • Ethnolinguistic vitality refers to the likelihood of a language being maintained based on its status, demographics, and institutional support.
    • Concentrated populations of minority speakers enable better maintenance of their language through frequent use.

    Educational and Institutional Support

    • Immersion education uses the minority language as the medium of instruction to promote fluency.
    • Institutional support such as media broadcasts in the minority language enhances its maintenance.
    • Community schools teaching in minority languages can help maintain language across generations.

    Challenges and Patterns in Language Use

    • Language death occurs when no native speakers are left, indicating extreme loss of a language.
    • Simplification of grammatical structures and vocabulary often characterizes younger speakers of dying languages.
    • Lack of domains for the minority language reduces practice opportunities, further threatening its maintenance.

    Innovations in Language Revitalization

    • Successful examples like the revival of Hebrew showcase that languages can be revitalized through concerted community efforts.
    • Media in the minority language, like newspapers, serves as a crucial tool for maintaining language use in the community.

    Personal and Social Dynamics

    • Peer pressure among immigrant children may drive them to resist using their minority language in favor of the majority culture.
    • Strong community pride and positive attitudes towards a minority language contribute to its resistance against shift.

    Technological and Demographic Influences

    • Technology can influence language shift by creating high-status domains where the majority language dominates.
    • Minority languages struggle to expand into formal and technical domains due to the lack of established vocabulary in these fields.

    Summary of Factors Impacting Language Maintenance

    • Positive social attitudes, institutional support, and community size significantly contribute to the maintenance of minority languages.
    • Negative attitudes, lack of institutional support, and economic pressures highlight the fragility of minority language maintenance efforts.### Language Shift and Maintenance
    • Majority language dominance in media, such as television and the internet, can lead to reduced usage of minority languages.
    • Positive community attitudes towards a language can encourage its use and support efforts for language maintenance.
    • Migrant communities often seek to maintain their minority language to preserve their cultural identity and heritage rather than assimilate quickly.

    Indicators of Language Status

    • A language's high status within a community is indicated by its use in official settings and public signage.
    • Language shift is often influenced by technological advancements that introduce more content in the majority language.

    Language Revival and Community Support

    • Successful language revival requires strong community motivation and a commitment to using the language.
    • Rural communities may maintain their minority language longer due to less exposure to the majority language compared to urban settings.

    The Role of Institutions and Government

    • Institutional support, like heritage language programs, is vital for maintaining and promoting minority languages.
    • Government support for minority languages can significantly contribute to their preservation and strength against language shift.

    Factors Influencing Language Use

    • Economic necessity often drives individuals in migrant communities to adopt the majority language for employment, leading to language shift.
    • Language loss at the individual level can occur when someone becomes less proficient in their heritage language due to decreased use.

    Language Maintenance Strategies

    • Regular use of a minority language within families is essential for its maintenance.
    • Active community events where the minority language is utilized help reinforce its value and promote maintenance.

    Signs of Ethnolinguistic Vitality

    • Strong ethnolinguistic vitality is indicated by active use of the minority language across multiple domains and by all age groups.
    • Isolation and lack of exposure to the majority language can help sustain minority language use in rural areas.

    Education and Language Domains

    • Educational and workplace environments are susceptible to early language shift due to the dominance of the majority language.
    • Heritage language programs in schools can enhance proficiency and pride in minority languages among students and lead to successful maintenance.

    Cultural Factors and Language Confidence

    • Cultural richness, including literature and arts in the minority language, fosters pride and encourages maintenance efforts.
    • Language shift is less likely in communities with established bilingualism, as there is reduced pressure to abandon either language.

    Challenges to Language Survival

    • Limited use of a language to ceremonial contexts often indicates that it is at risk of becoming extinct outside those domains.
    • An unequal bilingualism, where proficiency in the majority language exceeds that in the minority language, tends to lead to language shift.

    Conclusion

    • Effective strategies for enhancing the status of a minority language include promoting its use in media, education, and official capacities to raise its prestige.### Language Loss and Proficiency
    • Language loss occurs when individuals exhibit decreasing proficiency in their native language due to reduced use.
    • Regular contact and use of the minority language are crucial for maintaining proficiency.

    Factors Influencing Language Maintenance

    • The presence of both parents speaking the minority language at home supports maintenance.
    • A single parent not speaking the minority language challenges its use and prevalence in familial contexts.
    • Strong community support and public domain usage of the minority language enhance its vitality.

    Indicators of Minority Language Vitality

    • Visibility in public spaces, such as signs and advertisements, indicates active use and supports language vitality.
    • Absence of the minority language in public signage suggests declining relevance and use.

    Language Shift Dynamics

    • New immigrants fluent in the minority language can slow down the language shift and ensure fresh input.
    • The "point of no return" in language loss refers to a stage where revitalization efforts become significantly challenging.
    • Language shift may be characterized by the gradual replacement of a native language with a dominant language in specific domains, such as the workplace.

    Societal Attitudes and Bilingualism

    • Valuing bilingualism as an asset within society fosters an environment that supports language maintenance.
    • High intermarriage rates with majority language speakers can weaken the use of the minority language at home.

    "Killer Language" Concept

    • Killer languages, like English, can dominate and lead to the extinction of minority languages due to their prevalence and power.

    Strategies for Language Maintenance

    • Establishing media outlets in minority languages enhances exposure and normalizes their use.
    • Using the minority language in formal settings, such as government proceedings, elevates its status within the community.

    Impact of Urbanization and Connectivity

    • Urbanization often accelerates language shift by increasing exposure to the dominant language.
    • Improved transportation and communication can lead to greater contact with the majority language, potentially reducing minority language use.

    Challenges in Language Revival

    • Reviving a language requires a sufficient number of speakers and functional contexts for daily use.
    • Heritage language programs play a significant role in supporting maintenance by providing education in minority languages.

    Ethnolinguistic Vitality Components

    • The vitality of a language encompasses its status, the size of its community, and institutional support, but does not include the individual economic wealth of speakers.

    Language Erosion and Language Shift

    • Language erosion reflects a gradual reduction in proficiency and usage among speakers.
    • Language shift may be influenced by societal gender roles and the interaction with the majority language in professional settings.

    Significance of Cultural Transmission

    • Use of minority languages in cultural ceremonies relies on the presence of fluent elders who help transmit language and cultural protocols.
    • Mass media can contribute to language shift by increasing exposure to the majority language among younger generations.

    Linguistic Landscapes

    • Linguistic landscapes represent the display of languages in public spaces, reflecting community language use and vitality.

    Language Shift and Migrant Communities

    • Migrant communities often shift to the majority language for economic and social advancement.
    • The first domain where children encounter the majority language is typically school.
    • Language shift can be observed through changes in language use across different domains over time.

    Factors Influencing Language Shift

    • Intermarriage between minority and majority language speakers accelerates the shift towards the majority language.
    • Rural areas experience slower language shift due to isolation from political power centers, allowing ethnic language use for social needs.
    • Economic pressures often drive rapid language shift toward the majority language, as proficiency is needed for social mobility.

    Language Maintenance and Community Factors

    • A minority language is more likely to be maintained when it is valued and considered a vital part of ethnic identity.
    • Ethnolinguistic vitality refers to the likelihood of a language being maintained based on its status, demographics, and institutional support.
    • Concentrated populations of minority speakers enable better maintenance of their language through frequent use.

    Educational and Institutional Support

    • Immersion education uses the minority language as the medium of instruction to promote fluency.
    • Institutional support such as media broadcasts in the minority language enhances its maintenance.
    • Community schools teaching in minority languages can help maintain language across generations.

    Challenges and Patterns in Language Use

    • Language death occurs when no native speakers are left, indicating extreme loss of a language.
    • Simplification of grammatical structures and vocabulary often characterizes younger speakers of dying languages.
    • Lack of domains for the minority language reduces practice opportunities, further threatening its maintenance.

    Innovations in Language Revitalization

    • Successful examples like the revival of Hebrew showcase that languages can be revitalized through concerted community efforts.
    • Media in the minority language, like newspapers, serves as a crucial tool for maintaining language use in the community.

    Personal and Social Dynamics

    • Peer pressure among immigrant children may drive them to resist using their minority language in favor of the majority culture.
    • Strong community pride and positive attitudes towards a minority language contribute to its resistance against shift.

    Technological and Demographic Influences

    • Technology can influence language shift by creating high-status domains where the majority language dominates.
    • Minority languages struggle to expand into formal and technical domains due to the lack of established vocabulary in these fields.

    Summary of Factors Impacting Language Maintenance

    • Positive social attitudes, institutional support, and community size significantly contribute to the maintenance of minority languages.
    • Negative attitudes, lack of institutional support, and economic pressures highlight the fragility of minority language maintenance efforts.### Language Shift and Maintenance
    • Majority language dominance in media, such as television and the internet, can lead to reduced usage of minority languages.
    • Positive community attitudes towards a language can encourage its use and support efforts for language maintenance.
    • Migrant communities often seek to maintain their minority language to preserve their cultural identity and heritage rather than assimilate quickly.

    Indicators of Language Status

    • A language's high status within a community is indicated by its use in official settings and public signage.
    • Language shift is often influenced by technological advancements that introduce more content in the majority language.

    Language Revival and Community Support

    • Successful language revival requires strong community motivation and a commitment to using the language.
    • Rural communities may maintain their minority language longer due to less exposure to the majority language compared to urban settings.

    The Role of Institutions and Government

    • Institutional support, like heritage language programs, is vital for maintaining and promoting minority languages.
    • Government support for minority languages can significantly contribute to their preservation and strength against language shift.

    Factors Influencing Language Use

    • Economic necessity often drives individuals in migrant communities to adopt the majority language for employment, leading to language shift.
    • Language loss at the individual level can occur when someone becomes less proficient in their heritage language due to decreased use.

    Language Maintenance Strategies

    • Regular use of a minority language within families is essential for its maintenance.
    • Active community events where the minority language is utilized help reinforce its value and promote maintenance.

    Signs of Ethnolinguistic Vitality

    • Strong ethnolinguistic vitality is indicated by active use of the minority language across multiple domains and by all age groups.
    • Isolation and lack of exposure to the majority language can help sustain minority language use in rural areas.

    Education and Language Domains

    • Educational and workplace environments are susceptible to early language shift due to the dominance of the majority language.
    • Heritage language programs in schools can enhance proficiency and pride in minority languages among students and lead to successful maintenance.

    Cultural Factors and Language Confidence

    • Cultural richness, including literature and arts in the minority language, fosters pride and encourages maintenance efforts.
    • Language shift is less likely in communities with established bilingualism, as there is reduced pressure to abandon either language.

    Challenges to Language Survival

    • Limited use of a language to ceremonial contexts often indicates that it is at risk of becoming extinct outside those domains.
    • An unequal bilingualism, where proficiency in the majority language exceeds that in the minority language, tends to lead to language shift.

    Conclusion

    • Effective strategies for enhancing the status of a minority language include promoting its use in media, education, and official capacities to raise its prestige.### Language Loss and Proficiency
    • Language loss occurs when individuals exhibit decreasing proficiency in their native language due to reduced use.
    • Regular contact and use of the minority language are crucial for maintaining proficiency.

    Factors Influencing Language Maintenance

    • The presence of both parents speaking the minority language at home supports maintenance.
    • A single parent not speaking the minority language challenges its use and prevalence in familial contexts.
    • Strong community support and public domain usage of the minority language enhance its vitality.

    Indicators of Minority Language Vitality

    • Visibility in public spaces, such as signs and advertisements, indicates active use and supports language vitality.
    • Absence of the minority language in public signage suggests declining relevance and use.

    Language Shift Dynamics

    • New immigrants fluent in the minority language can slow down the language shift and ensure fresh input.
    • The "point of no return" in language loss refers to a stage where revitalization efforts become significantly challenging.
    • Language shift may be characterized by the gradual replacement of a native language with a dominant language in specific domains, such as the workplace.

    Societal Attitudes and Bilingualism

    • Valuing bilingualism as an asset within society fosters an environment that supports language maintenance.
    • High intermarriage rates with majority language speakers can weaken the use of the minority language at home.

    "Killer Language" Concept

    • Killer languages, like English, can dominate and lead to the extinction of minority languages due to their prevalence and power.

    Strategies for Language Maintenance

    • Establishing media outlets in minority languages enhances exposure and normalizes their use.
    • Using the minority language in formal settings, such as government proceedings, elevates its status within the community.

    Impact of Urbanization and Connectivity

    • Urbanization often accelerates language shift by increasing exposure to the dominant language.
    • Improved transportation and communication can lead to greater contact with the majority language, potentially reducing minority language use.

    Challenges in Language Revival

    • Reviving a language requires a sufficient number of speakers and functional contexts for daily use.
    • Heritage language programs play a significant role in supporting maintenance by providing education in minority languages.

    Ethnolinguistic Vitality Components

    • The vitality of a language encompasses its status, the size of its community, and institutional support, but does not include the individual economic wealth of speakers.

    Language Erosion and Language Shift

    • Language erosion reflects a gradual reduction in proficiency and usage among speakers.
    • Language shift may be influenced by societal gender roles and the interaction with the majority language in professional settings.

    Significance of Cultural Transmission

    • Use of minority languages in cultural ceremonies relies on the presence of fluent elders who help transmit language and cultural protocols.
    • Mass media can contribute to language shift by increasing exposure to the majority language among younger generations.

    Linguistic Landscapes

    • Linguistic landscapes represent the display of languages in public spaces, reflecting community language use and vitality.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on Chapter 3, which discusses the reasons behind language shift in migrant communities. It highlights factors such as social and economic advancement that influence this phenomenon. Test your understanding of the key concepts and implications discussed in the chapter.

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