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Questions and Answers
What is the lowest level of the hierarchy in language?
What is the lowest level of the hierarchy in language?
Language comprehension involves the grouping of sounds into words.
Language comprehension involves the grouping of sounds into words.
True
What is the role of phonemes in language?
What is the role of phonemes in language?
Phonemes are the smallest units of speech sound that combine to form words.
The transformation of a sentence into sounds is part of the ______ process.
The transformation of a sentence into sounds is part of the ______ process.
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Match the following language tasks to their definitions:
Match the following language tasks to their definitions:
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Which language-specific phoneme pairing is significant in Japanese?
Which language-specific phoneme pairing is significant in Japanese?
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English distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated 'p'.
English distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated 'p'.
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Total possible phonemes in the world can be approximately ______.
Total possible phonemes in the world can be approximately ______.
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What does the phonemic restoration effect demonstrate?
What does the phonemic restoration effect demonstrate?
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The SVO assumption is that sentences are structured as Subject-Verb-Object.
The SVO assumption is that sentences are structured as Subject-Verb-Object.
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What happens when a sentence violates the SVO assumption?
What happens when a sentence violates the SVO assumption?
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In the Slobin Experiment, participants were faster to respond to _____ sentences than to passive ones.
In the Slobin Experiment, participants were faster to respond to _____ sentences than to passive ones.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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In the context of sentence parsing, which type of sentences requires reanalysis by the listener?
In the context of sentence parsing, which type of sentences requires reanalysis by the listener?
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When given reversible sentences, semantics are helpful in determining the subject and object.
When given reversible sentences, semantics are helpful in determining the subject and object.
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What is the main finding of the Slobin Experiment regarding active and passive sentences?
What is the main finding of the Slobin Experiment regarding active and passive sentences?
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What is a morpheme?
What is a morpheme?
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The suffix '-s' typically indicates that a word is singular.
The suffix '-s' typically indicates that a word is singular.
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What does the prefix 'pre-' mean?
What does the prefix 'pre-' mean?
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A ________ is an organized grouping of words that conveys a specific meaning.
A ________ is an organized grouping of words that conveys a specific meaning.
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How many morphemes do adults typically know?
How many morphemes do adults typically know?
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Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
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Words alone are always sufficient to determine the meaning of a sentence.
Words alone are always sufficient to determine the meaning of a sentence.
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What is the primary role of syntax in language?
What is the primary role of syntax in language?
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What is the primary purpose of a phrase structure description?
What is the primary purpose of a phrase structure description?
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Surface structure and deep structure convey different meanings in Chomsky's theory.
Surface structure and deep structure convey different meanings in Chomsky's theory.
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What are the two different levels of analysis proposed by Chomsky?
What are the two different levels of analysis proposed by Chomsky?
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The __________ describes the fundamental underlying phrase structure from which meaning is derived.
The __________ describes the fundamental underlying phrase structure from which meaning is derived.
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Which example illustrates the concept of different surface structures conveying the same meaning?
Which example illustrates the concept of different surface structures conveying the same meaning?
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Chomsky's phrase structure analysis can always determine the meaning of a sentence without exceptions.
Chomsky's phrase structure analysis can always determine the meaning of a sentence without exceptions.
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What does the term 'attitude' refer to in the context of deep structures?
What does the term 'attitude' refer to in the context of deep structures?
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What type of ambiguity occurs when a word can mean two different things?
What type of ambiguity occurs when a word can mean two different things?
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Syntactic ambiguity can occur when the same sentence has different surface structures.
Syntactic ambiguity can occur when the same sentence has different surface structures.
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What effect demonstrates the interaction between auditory and visual information in language comprehension?
What effect demonstrates the interaction between auditory and visual information in language comprehension?
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___ ambiguity occurs when a single word or phrase can refer to multiple entities within a sentence.
___ ambiguity occurs when a single word or phrase can refer to multiple entities within a sentence.
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Match the types of ambiguity with their definitions:
Match the types of ambiguity with their definitions:
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Which example illustrates syntactic ambiguity?
Which example illustrates syntactic ambiguity?
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Negation in a sentence does not change the meaning of its deep structure.
Negation in a sentence does not change the meaning of its deep structure.
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What is one task of cognitive psychology related to language comprehension?
What is one task of cognitive psychology related to language comprehension?
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Study Notes
Language Properties
- Language is comprised of two main tasks: production (speaking, writing) and comprehension (listening, reading)
- Language uses a hierarchical structure, with different levels involved in both production and comprehension
- Levels are arranged in a hierarchy
Language Hierarchy
- Speaking begins with a thought or idea
- Thought/idea is transformed into a sentence structure
- Sentences are then transformed into sounds
- Listening involves hearing sounds, grouping them into words, forming those words into sentences, and finally understanding the sentence's underlying meaning
Phonemes
- Phonemes are the smallest units of speech sound
- Language uses different phonemes to convey meaning
Examples of Phonemes
- The word "the" contains phonemes: Th, e
- The word "bus" contains the phonemes: B, u, s
Differences Between Languages
- Different languages use different sounds, words, and word order rules.
- Phoneme differences between languages are not always significant
Morphemes
- Morphemes are the smallest units of sound signaling meaning
- They can correspond to prefixes, suffixes, roots, or stems
- Examples include suffixes ("-s" for plural), prefixes ("pre-"), and stems ("run")
Words
- Words can be single morphemes or combinations of them
- Adults typically know 50,000-80,000 morphemes
Phrases and Sentences
- Syntax is the system for arranging words into phrases and sentences
- Phrases are the building blocks of sentences
- Syntax determines word order to convey meaning
Meaning
- Meaning is the concept or idea a word or sentence conveys
- Meanings or referents are based on organization in concepts and features in memory.
- Words symbolize concepts and are connected through relationships between words.
Phrase Structure
- Phrase structure descriptions aid in understanding sentence meaning, showing how sentences are hierarchically organized
Deep Structure
- Deep structure is the fundamental underlying phrase structure from which meaning is derived
- It includes the main proposition and the implied attitude
Transformational Grammar
- Rules transform surface structures while preserving deep structure
Proposition
- Propositions describe the actor, action, and recipient in a sentence
Attitude
- Attitude describes the speaker's stance toward the proposition (e.g., question, active/passive, negation)
Ambiguity
- Ambiguity can be lexical (word having multiple meanings) or syntactic (sentence having multiple interpretations).
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Description
Explore the fundamental properties of language including production and comprehension tasks. This quiz covers the hierarchical structure of language, focusing on phonemes and the differences between languages. Test your understanding of how ideas transform into sounds and meanings.
