Language Origins and Characteristics
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Questions and Answers

Which hypothesis suggests that language originated from a divine source?

  • Social Interaction Hypothesis
  • Divine Creation Hypothesis (correct)
  • Symbolic Representation Hypothesis
  • Natural Evolution Hypothesis

Noam Chomsky believes language is solely determined by fixed laws and principles.

False (B)

What term refers to a person's individualized use of language in a specific context?

idiolect

Language is described as ________ because it evolves and changes over time.

<p>dynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of language to their descriptions:

<p>Arbitrary = The connection between sign and meaning is based on convention. Universal = Language can be found in all human societies. Symbolic = Language uses symbols to represent ideas. Innate = Language ability is natural to humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What language policy was enforced in Estonia and Latvia regarding citizenship?

<p>Making fluency in Estonian and Latvian a requirement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Power of Language section suggests that language has no impact on social behavior.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used when communication takes place within a specific social context?

<p>social context</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'A' in the FACE Model of Instruction stand for?

<p>Analyze (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A positive communication climate includes disconfirming messages.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of eliminating static in communication?

<p>To ensure alignment between body language, voice, and content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the FACE Model of Instruction, 'F' stands for __________.

<p>familiarize</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of communication with its description:

<p>Verbal Communication = Oral and Written forms of communication Nonverbal Communication = Communication without words Connotative Meaning = Emotional response to a word Communication Climate = Emotional tone of relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way to fine-tune communication skills?

<p>Ignore feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Choosing the right delivery method is important for effective communication.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a systematic process in which individuals interact through symbols to create and interpret meanings called?

<p>Communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that children imitate adults and are reinforced for their correct utterances?

<p>Behaviorism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Interactionist theory focuses primarily on the cognitive development of children.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the idea that children are biologically programmed to acquire language?

<p>Noam Chomsky</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the ____ stage of cognitive development, children start to think logically about concrete events.

<p>Concrete Operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories with their proponents:

<p>Behaviorism = Skinner Innatism = Chomsky Cognitism = Piaget Interactionism = Bruner</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an innate characteristic in language learning?

<p>Biological programming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The FACE model for critical thinking was introduced in 2007 by Gepila et al.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'communicative competence' in language use?

<p>Using language appropriately in social contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Jack's main issue that affects his relationships with others?

<p>He is intimidating with his nonverbal cues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jack is aware that his nonverbal communication skills are lacking.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one key area for improvement in communication skills mentioned in the content.

<p>Listening</p> Signup and view all the answers

The telegraph was a significant advancement in _____ communication.

<p>electric</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following developments with their years:

<p>Telegraph connected Washington and Baltimore = 1843 King George V's message = 1924 Britain and India connected = 1865 Europe linked to large parts of the world = 1870s</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of globalization?

<p>Technological (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virtual interaction has no impact on modern communication.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional aspect does emotional awareness help individuals recognize?

<p>The connection between feelings, thoughts, and actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a language community?

<p>A group of language users who share a specific language adapted to their needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An arbitrary sign has an inherent connection to its meaning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic elements that signs can indicate in a language?

<p>Phonic, graphic, or visual elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A sign that works on a visual or auditory level to convey its meaning is known as an ______ sign.

<p>iconic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of sign with its definition:

<p>Arbitrary Sign = Does not possess any inherent connection with its meaning Iconic Sign = Conveys meaning immediately through visual or auditory representation Fluency = Ability to use the language in everyday situations Knowledge of language = Understanding the grammar rules and sentence structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes 'fluency in language'?

<p>Being able to use a language practically in everyday situations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conventions within a community are official rules that everyone must follow.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does having knowledge of a language involve?

<p>Understanding its grammar rules, sentence structure, and pronunciation patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the literal meaning of a word found in a dictionary?

<p>Denotative meaning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Language remains static and does not change over time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two examples of obsolete words.

<p>Melodist, Naught</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nonverbal messages include body language, gestures, and __________.

<p>eye contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their nonverbal communication issue:

<p>Arlene = Radiates tension despite being funny and interesting Ted = Ignores others' thoughts while talking Sharon = Feels ignored in conversations Both Arlene and Ted = Struggle with maintaining relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of gestures in nonverbal communication?

<p>To emphasize a point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The distance between the sender and receiver in communication is known as proximity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Oculesics' refer to?

<p>Eye contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Origin of Language Hypotheses

Popular beliefs about how language began, including Divine Creation and Natural Evolution.

Tower of Babel

A story about language diversity, where God caused different languages to emerge after people tried to build a tower to heaven.

Noam Chomsky's view on language

Language is a creative process with fixed rules but flexible application of principles.

Language Characteristics

Language is for communication, symbolic, human, social, arbitrary, dynamic, innate, and universal.

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Language and Social Context

Language use is heavily influenced by social situations and the people involved.

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Idiolect

A person's unique way of using language within a specific situation or context.

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Language as Communication

Language is the primary way humans communicate.

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Discrete Symbolic System

Language communicates using specific, meaningful symbols rather than continuous patterns.

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Language Community

A group of people who share a specific language and use it to express their needs, values, and ideas.

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Language

A system of signs with rules for conveying meaning.

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Conventions

Unspoken rules in a community that are accepted and followed.

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Language Signs

Elements like sounds, words, punctuation, or even silence that communicate meaning within a language community.

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Arbitrary Sign

A sign with no inherent connection to its meaning; its meaning is culturally learned.

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Iconic Sign

A sign that visually or aurally conveys its meaning immediately and universally.

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Fluency in Language

Ability to use language practically and understand its workings.

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Word Systems

Understanding the structured organization, processes, and use of words in a language.

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Sentence Structures

The rules for how words are combined to form meaningful sentences.

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Communicative Competence

The ability to use language appropriately in social contexts.

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Behaviorism (Language Acquisition)

Language is learned through imitation and reinforcement from the environment.

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Innatism (Language Acquisition)

Children are born with an innate ability to learn language.

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Cognitivism (Language Acquisition)

Language is connected to a child's broader cognitive development.

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Interactionism (Language Acquisition)

Language acquisition comes from the interaction between a child and their caregivers.

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Critical Thinking Model

A model (2007) for evaluating information and forming judgments.

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FACE Model

An instructional model used to encourage critical thinking in virtual learning environments. It stands for Familiarize, Analyze, Conceptualize, and Enrich.

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Communication Climate

The emotional tone of a relationship, influencing communication effectiveness in various contexts like work and social settings.

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Positive Communication Climate

Characterized by confirming messages, fostering open and supportive interactions, and creating a safe environment for communication.

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Negative Communication Climate

Marked by disconfirming messages, creating a hostile or discouraging environment, and hindering effective communication.

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Choosing the Right Communication Channel

Selecting the appropriate method of communication based on the message, target audience, culture, and purpose.

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Eliminating Communication 'Static'

Ensuring alignment between verbal and non-verbal cues, making your message clear and consistent.

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Connotative Meaning

The emotional or personal response to a word, beyond its literal definition.

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What are verbal and nonverbal messages?

Verbal messages are spoken or written language, while nonverbal messages convey meaning through body language, facial expressions, and other non-spoken cues.

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Dynamic Language

A language that constantly changes and evolves, reflecting its users' needs and cultural shifts.

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Obsolete Words

Words that were once commonly used but are no longer in use, often replaced by newer terms.

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Nonverbal Communication

Conveying messages through visual cues, body language, tone of voice, and physical actions rather than spoken words.

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Posture

The way we hold our bodies, including stance, sitting position, and how we move. It communicates our confidence, mood, and interest.

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Eye Contact (Oculesics)

Maintaining appropriate eye contact can convey sincerity, interest, and engagement. It's important to differentiate from staring, which can be uncomfortable.

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Proximity

The distance between a person and the receiver of a message can communicate closeness, formality, or discomfort.

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Emotional awareness

Understanding your own emotions, their triggers, and how they influence your behavior.

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Globalization's impact on communication

How the interconnectedness of the world affects our communication, creating new ways of interacting, sharing information, and fostering cultural understanding.

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The telegraph's impact on communication

The telegraph revolutionized communication by allowing faster, long-distance messaging, accelerating the spread of information and connecting the world.

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Global news networks

Organizations that gather and distribute news to a worldwide audience, shaping global perspectives and understanding.

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Dimensions of globalization

Different aspects of globalization: cultural, social, political, and economic, all influencing how we communicate and interact.

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Technology's impact on communication

Technology has transformed communication, shrinking distances, creating new communication tools, and shaping how we interact.

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Role of technology in communication

Technology plays a crucial role in shaping how we communicate, influencing the speed, methods, and accessibility of information sharing.

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Study Notes

Origin of Language

  • Two popular hypotheses: Divine Creation and Natural Evolution
  • Every language is unique and beautiful

The Tower of Babel

  • Built by people
  • Destroyed by God
  • People scattered, as did languages

Noam Chomsky

  • Language is a process of free creation
  • Rules are fixed, but the application is free and varied
  • Interpretation and use of words involve free creation

Characteristics of Language

  • Means of communication
  • Discrete symbolic system
  • Human activity
  • Form of social behavior
  • Arbitrary
  • Dynamic
  • Innate
  • Universal

The Power of Language

  • Estonia and Latvia require fluency in their native languages for citizenship, creating issues for Russian speakers
  • A Dutch city councilor proposed mandating Dutch in Islamic mosques, although Arabic is the traditional language

Language and Communication

  • Language is primarily communication within a social context
  • Social context influences language choices

Idiolect

  • A person's specific language use in a particular context
  • Changes throughout the day based on communication needs

Language and Identity

  • Each community and individual has a language reflecting their specific values and attitudes

Language Community

  • Group of language users sharing a particular language adapted to their needs
  • Often defined by geographical region

Language

  • Rule-based system of signs
  • Language rules are conventions

Conventions

  • Unspoken community rules
  • Often followed without awareness

Language Signs

  • Language communities accept a set of signs for conveying meaning
  • Signs can be sounds, words, punctuation, or even silence
  • Two levels: physical elements of the language, and message itself

Types of Signs

  • Arbitrary: no inherent connection with its meaning
  • Iconic: conveys meaning immediately at the visual or auditory level (usually universal and obvious)

Fluency in Language

  • Ability to use language in daily life (speaking, reading, writing, and understanding)
  • Understanding how language works (grammar, structure, pronunciation)
  • Practical use of the language

Word Systems

  • Practical use of language
  • Understanding the mechanisms of language

Sentence Structures

  • Native speakers intuitively understand correct sentence construction
  • Beyond simply stringing words together

Sound Systems

  • Accurate production of native language sounds
  • Understanding meaningful and meaningless sounds

Context

  • Using language appropriately in specific social situations
  • Communicative competence is using language appropriately

Theories of Language

  • Behaviorist: Children imitate adults; correct utterances are reinforced
  • Innatist: Children have innate language-learning mechanisms
  • Cognitive: Language is part of overall intellectual development
  • Interactionist: Interaction with caregivers is critical

Behaviorism

  • J. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Thorndike
  • Popular in the 1940s-1950s in the US
  • Only applicable to verbal behavior
  • Learning is reinforcement and habit formation

Innatism

  • Noam Chomsky
  • Children biologically programmed to acquire language

Cognitivism

  • Piaget
  • Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages

Interactionism

  • Focus on language acquisition's developmental process
  • Emphasizes relationship between cognitive development and language acquisition

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

  • Verbal: Spoken and written language
  • Nonverbal: Body language, facial expressions, tone of voice, proximity

Differences in Meaning

  • Not all words mean the same thing to everyone
  • Language constantly changes

Examples of Obsolete Terms

  • Melodist (singer)
  • Naught (nothing)
  • Circa (year)
  • Out of doors (abroad)
  • Brable (fight), Fudgel (pretender)

Nonverbal Messages

  • Communicate ideas and emotions without words
  • Include tone, body language, gestures, eye contact, and proximity

Following communication ways

  • Posture
  • Eye contact
  • Gestures
  • Proximity
  • Tone

How communication can go wrong

  • Arlene - difficult time maintaining relationships due to anxious nonverbal cues; rapid speech and uncomfortable body posture
  • Ted - unable to listen to others effectively because of rapid responses before others can finish; discomfort to listeners
  • Jack- intimidating demeanor due to intense eye contact, grabbing and squeezing hands; creates distance between him and others

Improving Nonverbal Communication Skills

  • Focus on active listening
  • Increase awareness of nonverbal communication
  • Develop emotional awareness and understanding

Globalization and Communication

  • Brief history of global communication: telegraph, underwater cables, and advancements
  • 1924: King George V short message that circulated the globe in 80 seconds
  • Emergence of global news networks

Dimensions of Globalization

  • Cultural
  • Social
  • Political
  • Economic

Impact of Globalization on Communication

  • Virtual interactions
  • Cultural awareness
  • Time difference

Use of Social Media

  • Communication
  • Cause support
  • Competitions
  • Research
  • Connection
  • Client service
  • Community service

Technology and Communication

  • Technology transformed communication from global to local
  • Positive impacts: speed, accessibility, convenience, globalization
  • Negative impacts: impact on interpersonal communication; effect on nonverbal communication, reduced social interaction, addiction

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Description

Explore the fascinating hypotheses about the origin of language, including Divine Creation and Natural Evolution. Delve into the characteristics that make language a unique form of human communication and the implications of language in social contexts. This quiz covers aspects from Noam Chomsky's theories to contemporary issues surrounding language use.

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