Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of words in a text do you need to understand to comprehend it?
What percentage of words in a text do you need to understand to comprehend it?
- 70% to 75%
- 80% to 85%
- 90% to 92%
- 95% to 98% (correct)
What is a useful convention in discussing vocabulary?
What is a useful convention in discussing vocabulary?
- Focusing on grammatical items
- Talking about individual words
- Talking about vocabulary 'items' rather than words (correct)
- Discussing vocabulary in relation to syntax
What type of sets are lexical items, such as nouns and verbs?
What type of sets are lexical items, such as nouns and verbs?
- Closed sets
- Open sets (correct)
- Fixed sets
- Limited sets
What aspect of vocabulary refers to how a word is pronounced and spelled?
What aspect of vocabulary refers to how a word is pronounced and spelled?
What is the term for words that have developed from different words but have the same form?
What is the term for words that have developed from different words but have the same form?
What is the primary source of information for understanding a word's meaning?
What is the primary source of information for understanding a word's meaning?
What is the term for the emotional or positive-negative associations implied by a word?
What is the term for the emotional or positive-negative associations implied by a word?
Which of the following refers to the way words co-occur with other words?
Which of the following refers to the way words co-occur with other words?
What is the term for words that mean the opposite of each other?
What is the term for words that mean the opposite of each other?
Which of the following is an example of a hyponym?
Which of the following is an example of a hyponym?
What is the term for the general concept that 'covers' specific items?
What is the term for the general concept that 'covers' specific items?
How do L1 learners typically acquire vocabulary?
How do L1 learners typically acquire vocabulary?
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Study Notes
Understanding a Text
- To understand a text, readers need to comprehend between 95% and 98% of its words.
- Vocabulary is a crucial aspect of language learning and a key marker of proficiency in education.
Vocabulary
- Vocabulary refers to the words in a language, including single words, compounds, and multi-word expressions.
- Lexical items (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) are "open sets," whereas grammatical items (determiners, pronouns, prepositions) are "closed sets."
Aspects of Vocabulary to Learn
- Form: includes pronunciation and spelling, which learners usually encounter before knowing the meaning.
- Meaning: includes denotation (what an item refers to), connotation (emotional associations), and metaphorical meanings.
- Grammar: involves understanding how a word interacts with other words, including irregular forms and unusual grammatical changes.
- Collocation: refers to how words co-occur with other words, which can affect sentence meaning and grammatical correctness.
- Appropriateness: considers the frequency, formality, and context of word usage.
Meaning Relationships
- Synonyms: items that mean the same or nearly the same.
- Antonyms: items that mean the opposite.
- Hyponyms: specific examples of a general concept.
- Co-hyponyms: items that are the "same kind of thing."
- Superordinates: general concepts that "cover" specific items.
- Translation: words or expressions in the L1 that are similar in meaning to an item being taught, but may have different connotations or contexts of use.
- Other ways of associating meaning include part-whole relationships, semantic fields, and context-related associations.
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