Language Disorders and Down Syndrome
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best defines language disorders?

  • Impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken or written language. (correct)
  • The use of language without any social context.
  • The ability to represent concepts through a conventional system.
  • Confusion between different grammatical tenses.

Which of the following is NOT one of the areas of language?

  • Morphology
  • Pragmatics
  • Creativity (correct)
  • Syntax

What is the defining IQ level associated with language intellectual disability in individuals with Down Syndrome?

  • 70 and below (correct)
  • Below 50
  • 90-110
  • Above 110

Which area of language is primarily concerned with the sound system?

<p>Phonology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of health problems are commonly associated with individuals with Down Syndrome?

<p>Cardiac problems and early dementia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic facial feature of individuals with Down Syndrome?

<p>Upward-slanting oval shaped eyes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which language skill may be affected as individuals with Down Syndrome age?

<p>Sentence complexity and narrative skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is most effective in promoting communication skills for individuals with Down Syndrome?

<p>Social and functional intervention along with AAC (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of specific language impairment (SLI)?

<p>Difficulty with grammatical features and non-word repetition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as diagnosed in the first year of life?

<p>Failure to respond to names or sounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of assessment is primarily concerned with evaluating pragmatic skills in children?

<p>Observation and play assessment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention strategy is associated with children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder?

<p>Use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about language disabilities is correct?

<p>They are often accompanied by disorders such as dyslexia and apraxia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical marker is NOT associated with autism spectrum disorder?

<p>Advanced reasoning skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is designed for assessing early language development in children aged 2 to 7 years?

<p>TELD-3. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A characteristic of cerebral palsy is primarily related to which of the following?

<p>Muscle tone and movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common speech disorder associated with language impairments?

<p>Dysarthria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age should a child ideally produce their first words?

<p>By 15 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of phonological awareness?

<p>Decoding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from a brain injury that disrupts language abilities?

<p>Aphasia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of paraphasia does a person substitute a word with a non-word?

<p>Neologistic paraphasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key focus of evaluating children with reading disorders?

<p>All areas of language with an emphasis on phonological awareness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed during formal literacy assessment for children aged 3 to 6?

<p>Assessment of literacy and language (ALL) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically a sign of impaired phonological awareness before age 5?

<p>Failure to count phonemes in a word (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does agrammatism refer to in speech?

<p>Omission of grammatical features such as plural and tense (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aphasia is classified as nonfluent?

<p>Broca's aphasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anomia primarily associated with?

<p>Difficulty in naming objects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is best suited for a patient with severe nonfluent aphasia?

<p>Visual action therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically assessed during language evaluation?

<p>Receptive and expressive language abilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of alexia?

<p>Errors in spelling and writing slowly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in how we hear sound?

<p>Sound travels down the ear canal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of hearing, what defines mild hearing loss?

<p>Mild hearing loss at 26 to 40 dB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes conductive hearing loss from sensorineural hearing loss?

<p>Conductive hearing loss is due to problems in structures that conduct sound. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key goal in aural rehabilitation in children?

<p>Social skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the auditory skill level of sound discrimination involve?

<p>Differentiating between similar sounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these assessment methods is used for children who receive aural rehabilitation?

<p>Language assessment (B), Environmental sound dictation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In prelingual treatment, which of the following focuses on developing auditory memory?

<p>Requesting objects and following commands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed in postlingual children when identifying unsimilar words?

<p>Variety in syllable and phoneme structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for parents and children to develop auditory skills?

<p>Ignoring environmental sounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of treatment for postlingual hearing loss?

<p>Completing sentences based solely on hearing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of augmentative communication techniques?

<p>To enhance or supplement the residual speech skills of individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of an assessment report?

<p>Treatment recommendations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does UNAIDED AAC refer to?

<p>Using body gestures as a method of communication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population might require AAC techniques due to congenital disabilities?

<p>Individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element is essential in choosing appropriate AAC methods?

<p>Understanding the communicative patterns of the individual. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The SOAP note format is primarily used for which purpose?

<p>To document subjective and objective assessment data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a guideline set forth in the code of ethics?

<p>High levels of competence and professionalism should be maintained. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'discharge note' in the context of client assessment?

<p>A summary of the client's status and recommendations upon their exit from therapy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Morpheme

The smallest grammatical unit within a language. Examples include prefixes, suffixes, and root words.

Phonology

The study of the sound system of a language, including how sounds are combined and used.

Syntax

The way words are arranged in a sentence to convey meaning.

Semantics

The meaning of language, including understanding vocabulary and concepts.

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Pragmatics

The social use of language, including how to take turns in conversations, maintain topics, and understand nonverbal cues.

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Down Syndrome

A genetic condition characterized by an extra chromosome 21. Individuals with Down syndrome may exhibit a range of physical, cognitive, and developmental characteristics.

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Language

The ability to understand and use language effectively, including both spoken and written forms.

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Language Disorder

Impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, or other symbol systems.

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Conductive Hearing Loss

Hearing loss that occurs when sound cannot reach the inner ear due to problems in the outer or middle ear.

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Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve, preventing sound signals from reaching the brain.

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Sound Awareness

The ability to detect the presence of sound.

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Sound Discrimination

The ability to distinguish between different sounds.

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Sound Identification

The ability to associate sounds with meaning.

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Sound Comprehension

The ability to understand the overall meaning of what is heard.

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Prelingual Hearing Loss

A hearing loss that occurs before language development.

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Postlingual Hearing Loss

A hearing loss that occurs after language development.

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Telegraphic Speech

Replacing important words with general terms like "this" or "that" in speech.

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Anomia

Difficulty in naming objects.

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Circumlocution

Speaking in a roundabout way, using extra words to express a simple thought.

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Automatic Language

Automatic language skills, like reciting the alphabet or counting numbers, are preserved, despite language difficulties.

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Agraphia

Difficulty in producing written language, including forgetting letters, spelling errors, and slow writing speed.

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Wernicke's Aphasia

A form of aphasia where a person has difficulty understanding spoken language and may have trouble distinguishing between similar sounding words.

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Broca's Aphasia

A form of non-fluent aphasia where a person has difficulty producing speech, but can still understand language.

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Global Aphasia

A language disorder characterized by difficulty with both understanding and producing language.

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Aphasia

A disorder that affects the ability to use language effectively, including speaking, writing, and understanding language. It can be caused by brain injury or developmental problems.

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Paraphasia

The use of wrong words in a sentence, usually due to a language disorder. There are different types of paraphasia.

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Phonemic Paraphasia

A type of paraphasia where a person substitutes a word with a similar-sounding but wrong word.

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Semantic Paraphasia

A type of paraphasia where a person substitutes a word with a word that has a similar meaning.

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Neologistic Paraphasia

A type of paraphasia where a person uses a made-up word that has no meaning.

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Dysarthria

A speech disorder that affects the ability to produce clear and articulate speech sounds. It's common in people with aphasia. It hinders the body's ability to move in a coordinated way.

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Phonemic Awareness

The ability to break down words into individual sounds.

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Phonemic Synthesis

The ability to blend individual sounds together to form words.

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Language Disability

A difficulty with understanding and using language that can affect grammar, storytelling, vocabulary, finding the right words, social language, reading, and writing.

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Multidisciplinary Intervention Team

A group of professionals who work together to help children with language disabilities. This team can include speech-language pathologists, psychologists, educators, and others.

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Specific Language Impairment (SLI)

A language disorder that primarily affects grammar and the ability to repeat non-words, like syllables. It can make learning challenging.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

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Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)

Nonverbal communication tools and strategies used by individuals with autism or communication difficulties to express themselves.

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Preschool Language Scales-5 (PLS-5)

A test used to evaluate language skills in children from birth to 7 years and 11 months. It assesses receptive and expressive language abilities.

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Cerebral Palsy

A condition affecting muscle tone, movement, and motor skills that can impact language development.

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Language Assessment

A method for evaluating communication skills in children by observing their interactions, play, vocabulary, and understanding of language concepts.

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Unaided AAC

The ability to communicate using gestures, facial expressions, or other non-verbal means without relying on any external tools or devices.

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Aided AAC

A type of communication that relies on external devices, like picture boards or electronic communication devices, to assist in conveying messages.

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Assessment Report

A written document that outlines a client's communication and swallowing needs, including assessment results, recommendations, and treatment goals.

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Treatment Plan

A document that includes information on a client's diagnosis, treatment goals, and recommendations for parents.

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SOAP Note

A structured format used to document client interactions, including subjective information, objective observations, assessment findings, and treatment plans.

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Progress Report

A document that summarizes a client's progress in communication therapy, including assessment results, long-term goals, and recommendations.

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Discharge Note

A document that summarizes a client's communication skills and progress, marking the end of therapy services.

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Code of Ethics

A set of ethical guidelines that govern the practice of speech-language pathology, emphasizing respect, competence, and advocacy for communication needs.

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Study Notes

Language

  • Language is a socially shared code used to represent concepts through a conventional system of arbitrary signals for communication
  • Language disorders involve impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems

Areas of Language

  • Form: Morphology – the structure of words (morphemes are the smallest grammatical units) and phonology (sound system)
  • Content: Semantics – the meaning of language. Problems might include limited vocabulary or understanding.
  • Use: Pragmatics – the use of language in social contexts (e.g., turn-taking, eye contact, topic maintenance, joint attention).

MLU

  • MLU (mean length of utterance): The average number of morphemes per utterance, used to assess language development.

Language Intellectual Disability: Down Syndrome

  • Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder (trisomy 21) and often presents with overall language delay.
  • Individuals with Down Syndrome typically have lower intelligence quotients (IQs) than average (IQ is 70 and below).
  • Language intervention focuses on social and functional communication, as well as use of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) strategies to support.
  • Early intervention is key to maximize speech and language skills development. The result can be shorter, less developed forms of speech and language compared to typical development.

Clinical Markers for language disorder

  • Difficulties with grammatical features & non-word repetition (evident in syllable repetition test) are clinical markers of language disorders.
  • SLI (Specific Language Impairment) can affect academic performance and development across various language facets that affect academic performance as these will be impaired.
  • ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder): some of the diagnostic markers include not imitating gestures or vocalizations, difficulty showing joint attention, not responding to names, & not displaying any requests.

Clinical Markers for Reading Disability

  • Family history, late first words, delayed combining words, difficulty pronouncing words after age 6, or inability to break down words into syllables before age 5 are early indicators of reading disabilities.

Phonological Awareness

  • A crucial skill for reading development, it is the understanding of sounds in language.
  • This skill can be divided into phonemic awareness (the ability to identify and manipulate sounds in words) and print awareness (understanding the relationship between written letters and spoken words).

Aphasia

  • Aphasia is an acquired language disorder caused by brain injury, commonly from stroke or other traumatic brain injury, affecting various aspects of language (paraphasia (word substitutions), perseveration (repeating statements), telegraphic speech (leaving out important words)).

Assessing Language

  • General language assessments often include screening, case history/interview, observation, and introduction yourself, play activities to gauge prelinguistic skills, pragmatic language aspects, respective and expressive vocabulary skills, and utterance of words to understand function.

Formal Assessments

  • Formal assessments of language & literacy, such as PLS-5 or TELD-3, provide standardized data for diagnosis.
  • Receptive and expressive language skills, reading skills, and narrative skills are assessed to determine if there are any discrepancies between the child's abilities at different levels of analysis.

Cerebral Palsy

  • Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement, muscle tone, & motor coordination.
  • It can impact language and communication as well as other developmental areas. Hearing loss is possible.

Hearing Assessment

  • Hearing levels range from normal, slight loss, mild loss, moderate loss, to profoundly severe.
  • Assessments involve testing for conductive or sensorineural hearing loss.

AAC

  • AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication) is for individuals with little or no functional speech.
  • Various methods include communication boards, speech-generating devices, and sign language.

Treatment plans

  • Treatment plans often include short-term and long-term goals, recommendations for parents, and details about materials that are required.

Code of Ethics

  • Ethical considerations in research and providing services are emphasized in handling data, avoiding discrimination, ensuring competence, and providing accurate information among other practices.

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Description

Explore the complexities of language, including its structure, meaning, and social use. This quiz delves into language disorders, focusing on Down Syndrome and its impact on language development. Understand key concepts such as MLU and the various areas of language affected by intellectual disabilities.

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