Language and Thought Overview

False (B)

Fast Mapping

<p>morphemes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phoneme = Smallest units of sound recognized in speech Morpheme = Smallest meaningful units of language Syntax = Rules that govern sentence structure Fast Mapping = Quick word-learning process in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviorist theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Susan Carey and Bartlett</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broca’s area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prototype</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows activation during verbal tasks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nativist = Language is an innate biological capacity Interactionist = Social experience interacts with biological language abilities Prototype theory = Classification by comparing to the best member Exemplar theory = Judgments based on stored category instances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condition that proves an object belongs to a category if it is true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forming prototypes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Category-specific deficit</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>J.B.R. = 23-year-old electronics undergraduate S.B.Y. = 48-year-old naval officer K.B. = 60-year-old housewife I.N.G. = Right-handed housewife aged 44 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right hemisphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bitemporal damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The smallest units of sound that are recognizable as speech. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A complex set of principles governing language use. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heuristics are quick strategies that may not guarantee a solution, while algorithms guarantee a solution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of rapidly associating a word with an underlying concept. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reliance on recent memories to judge event frequency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive mastery develops faster than active mastery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They fail to account for the rapid rate of language learning in children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency to assume one's risks are lower than those faced by their peers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analyzing the goal state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Units of meaning in language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enhance the complexity and depth of expression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implementing a trial-and-error approach. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intentional instruction on grammar. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Category-specific deficit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spared knowledge of living things relative to inanimate objects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decisions are made by estimating probabilities and values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are good at estimating frequencies but poor at probabilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right hemisphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bitemporal damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic and phonological errors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With significant comprehension deficits despite preserved memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language development is best explained as an innate biological capacity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wernicke’s Area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An attribute that must be true for the object to belong to the category. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New objects are classified by comparing them to the ‘best’ member of a category. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation occurs during various language tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New instances are compared with specific past exemplars of categories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It interacts with and supports innate biological language abilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They retain some language abilities despite the removal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A system for communicating using signals that follow grammar rules and convey meaning.

The set of rules for combining language units to create meaningful messages.

The smallest unit of sound in a language.

The smallest meaningful unit of language.

Quickly learning a new word based on a single exposure.

Rules specifying how phonemes can be combined to form sounds.

Rules governing how words combine into phrases and sentences.

Rules explaining how morphemes form words.

The idea that language development is primarily driven by an innate biological capacity, suggesting humans are born with a predisposition to learn language.

A set of innate linguistic principles that guide language learning, proposed by Chomsky. It suggests humans have a shared grammar foundation for all languages.

This theory emphasizes the crucial role of social interaction and experience in language development. It suggests language learning is a result of both innate abilities and social interaction.

A region in the left frontal cortex responsible for language production, including speech articulation and grammar.

A region in the left temporal cortex crucial for language comprehension and understanding meaning.

The right hemisphere of the brain also plays a significant role in language processing, including aspects of meaning, tone, and non-verbal communication.

A mental representation used for categorizing objects, events, or ideas based on shared features.

A theory that claims we categorize new objects by comparing them to a mental representation of the ideal or typical member of that category.

A neurological condition where an individual struggles to recognize objects within a specific category, while recognition of objects outside that category remains intact.

They researched four patients with brain inflammation experiencing difficulty recognizing objects, particularly living things.

They exhibited varying degrees of dementia, speech impairments, global amnesia, and a comprehension deficit affecting both visual and verbal knowledge.

Patients showed a sparing of knowledge about inanimate objects compared to living things and food, suggesting a category-specific deficit.

According to rational choice theory, we make decisions by assessing the likelihood of an outcome, evaluating its value, and multiplying those together.

Human performance varies when estimating event likelihood. People are generally good at frequency estimations, but struggle with tasks requiring probability reasoning.

The way a problem is presented or worded can influence our judgment of probabilities or frequencies, affecting our decisions.

The left hemisphere is responsible for forming prototypes (general representations of a category), while the right hemisphere recognizes exemplars (specific examples) of a category.

Rules that determine how basic speech sounds can be combined to produce meaningful sounds in a language.

The smallest units of language that have meaning.

Rules that govern how morphemes can be combined to form words.

The process by which children quickly learn a new word after just one exposure to it.

This theory suggests that language is learned through imitation and rewards for correct usage.

This theory proposes that language development is driven by an innate biological capacity, suggesting that humans are born with a predisposition to learn language.

Proposed by Chomsky, this theory suggests that humans have a shared grammar foundation for all languages, based on innate linguistic principles.

This theory emphasizes the importance of both innate abilities and social interaction in language development.

The idea that language development is primarily driven by an innate biological capacity. This means humans are born with a predisposition to learn language.

This theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and experience in language development. It suggests that while there might be innate abilities, language learning is also shaped by social interactions.

This theory suggests that we categorize new objects by comparing them to specific examples that we've stored in our memory. It's like remembering past instances.

Researchers who studied four patients with brain inflammation who had difficulty recognizing living things but not inanimate objects.

The idea that we make decisions by calculating the probability of an outcome, the value of the outcome, and multiplying the two.

We are better at estimating how often something happens (frequency) than at calculating the likelihood of it happening (probability).

The left hemisphere forms prototypes (general representations), while the right hemisphere recognizes exemplars (specific examples).

They found that damage to specific parts of the brain could lead to difficulty recognizing certain categories of objects, like living things.

The way a problem is presented can influence our judgment of probabilities or frequencies, affecting our decisions.

We tend to overestimate the frequency of events that are easily recalled from memory.

Heuristics are mental shortcuts, quick and efficient but not guaranteed to find the best solution. Algorithms are step-by-step procedures, guaranteeing a solution but often slower.

We tend to overestimate our chances of experiencing positive events and underestimate our chances of experiencing negative events.

A problem-solving strategy that involves identifying the gap between the current state and the desired goal, then finding ways to bridge that gap.

1. Analyze the goal state. 2. Analyze the current state. 3. List the differences between the states. 4. Reduce the differences by Direct means, generating a subgoal, or finding a solution to a similar problem.