Language and Thought: A Linguistic Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between language and thought?

Language influences thought and cognitive systems.

Linguistic relativity is also referred to as the ______ hypothesis.

Sapir-Whorf

What is a lexicon?

  • A system of grammatical structures
  • A type of phonetic study
  • Also known as 'vocabulary' (correct)
  • A theory of language acquisition
  • Linguistic universals vary greatly between different languages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of bilingualism?

    <p>Additive and subtractive bilingualism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is a simplified form of language that develops between speakers of different languages.

    <p>pidgin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of bilingualism with their definitions:

    <p>Simultaneous bilingualism = Learning two languages from birth Sequential bilingualism = Learning a second language after the first Additive bilingualism = Acquiring a second language in addition to a developed first language Subtractive bilingualism = Replacing elements of the first language with a second language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuroscience has shown that learning a second language decreases gray matter in the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a slip of the tongue?

    <p>An inadvertent linguistic error in speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the unfair treatment based on language use?

    <p>Linguicism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Language and Thought

    • The relationship between language and thought is complex and studied by linguists and cognitive psychologists.
    • The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that different languages can influence how people think about the world.

    Differences Among Languages

    • Lexicons, also known as vocabulary, are unique to each language.
    • Syntactical structures, such as word order and grammatical inflections, vary across languages.

    Linguistic Universals

    • Also known as "universal grammar", it's a system of mechanisms, categories, and constraints shared by all human languages.
    • Hundreds of linguistic universals have been identified in areas like phonetics, morphology, semantics, and syntax.

    Colors

    • The names of colors differ across languages.
    • There's a hierarchy of five levels for basic color names, with black and white at the lowest level and more nuanced colors added progressively.

    Bilingualism and Dialects

    • Bilingualism involves proficiency in two or more languages.
    • Monolinguals speak only one language, while multilinguals speak multiple languages.

    Bilingualism: An Advantage or Disadvantage?

    • Bilingualism can be additive, where a second language is learned in addition to a well-developed first language.
    • Subtractive bilingualism involves replacing elements of the first language with the second.
    • Simultaneous bilingualism is when a child learns two languages from birth.
    • Sequential bilingualism happens when someone learns a first language followed by another language later.

    Factors Influencing Second Language Acquisition

    • Age plays a role in how easily someone learns a second language
    • Adolescence can be a key period for second language acquisition.

    Bilingualism: One System or Two Systems?

    • The single system hypothesis states that two languages are represented in one brain region.
    • The dual system hypothesis proposes that each language is independently represented in separate brain systems.

    Neuroscience and Bilingualism

    • Learning a second language can increase gray matter in the left inferior parietal cortex.
    • TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) is a non-invasive technique that uses magnetic fields to stimulate brain activity.
    • TMS is used in research to study brain activity during language processing in bilinguals.

    Language Mixtures and Change

    • Pidgins are simplified forms of communication that emerge between groups speaking different languages, with limited vocabulary and grammar.
    • Creoles are stable natural languages that evolve from pidgins as they become more complex and standardized.
    • Protolanguages are hypothetical ancestral languages from which actual languages descend.
    • Dialects are regional variations of a language with distinct vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation.
    • Linguicism is the unfair treatment of individuals or communities based on their language use.

    Slips of the Tongue

    • Cognitive psychologists study slips of the tongue, also known as verbal errors, to understand how language processing works.
    • Slips of the tongue can occur at different levels of linguistic analysis, from phonemes to morphemes.
    • Freudian psychoanalysts believe that some slips of the tongue reveal unconscious thoughts.
    • Slips of the tongue may suggest differences between the "language of thought" and the language we use to express our thoughts.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate relationship between language and thought, as discussed in linguistics and cognitive psychology. Delve into differences among languages, linguistic universals, and the impact of bilingualism. This quiz covers key concepts and theories, including the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and structures of language.

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