Language and Culture

Language and Culture

• Language functions as a reflection of national culture.
• Social changes and personal behaviors manifest through language.
• Language is both dynamic and an integral part of the people.
• V. von Humboldt founded structural linguistics.
• "Human → language → culture" and "Human → language → way of thinking" highlights the interrelation between culture and linguistic factors.
• Linguoculturology studies language as a form of national identity, reflecting on a nation's mental reveal.
• Linguoculturology offers an individual aspect to the study of language and culture.
• Linguoculturology is divided into three main fields for investigation purposes.
• Sapir identified three ways in which culture and language correlate.
• Anthropology studies cultural and social behavior.
• Cultural anthropology studies relationships among humans.
• The key component of language is verbal communication.
• Language addresses specific problems related to communication or cognition.
• The "real world" is built upon social context.
• The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis posits that the language speaks affects the ideas one can have.
• Whorf suggests thoughts are primarily rooted in language.
• If a concept does not exist in one's language, it cannot be experienced.
• People perceive the world differently because of language and culture.
• Whorf stated that the difference between languages is not only in the sounds and signs but also in the outlook.
• The Hopi tribe views time perception as flexible.
• A concept, as a cultural unit, represents a set of beliefs.
• Concepts, as existence forms of culture, are shaped as a structure of the linguistic world image.
• The word "conceptus", from Latin, means "idea".
• Humboldt says a concept marks the ethnic language world whilst reflecting an ethnic mindset.
• Sapir stated a concept is an object of the world ideal, having a name and reflecting certain culturally specified representation about the world reality.
• Whorf describes the concept as a clot of culture in the human mind.
• According to Sapir, the concept is a basic cultural cell in the mental world of man.
• The English equivalent of "жүрегі дір (зу) ете калды" is "Heart trembled".
• The Kazakh/Russian equivalent of "from the bottom of one's heart" is "от души / шын жүректен".
• Phraseological units reflect objective reality in the imagination of a cultural community.
• The cultural information incorporated in phraseological units is important.
• Phraseology is characterized in speech as dynamic and fluid.

Phraseological Units

• Phraseological units carry connotations related to emotions and appraisals.
• Connotation is determined by social and emotional attitude of a speaker.
• The antonym of "enrich one's vocabulary" is "limit one's vocabulary".
• English phraseological units improve students’ linguocultural competence.
• According to Sapir, "The phraseological unit is a fixed combination of words which fully or partially change their meanings."
• Word combinations, such as collocations, turned into complex semantic processes are included.
• A pragmatic approach focuses on the idiomatic, functional, and contextual aspects of a phraseological unit.
• The traditional view of phraseological meaning began to alter because of cultural changes at the end of the 20th century.
• Researchers have shifted their interest using idioms to understand the national spirit of a certain ethnic group.
• Anthropocentric phraseological units reflect human-centered perspectives.
• The anthropocentric phraseology preserves the national spirit of the nation.
• Cultural history is manifested in phraseological means of the language.
• Idioms contain beliefs and values of people's consciousness.
• Proverbs, as well as Idioms carry the linguocultural code of the nation.
• According to Lotman, phraseological units are associated with cultural and national standards, stereotypes, myths.
• Phraseological units reflect the worldview characteristic for a certain linguocultural community.
• Lotman stated that “Idioms, proverbs, and sayings illustrate the way of life as well as the geographical location of a nation".
• V.A. Maslova says idioms play an important role in the identification of linguistic and cultural features.
• Idioms express the uniqueness of the language and mentality of the people.
• Idioms involve cultural interpretation.
• Phraseological pragmatics provide a challenging study to the investigation of phraseology in the 1990s.
• "A phraseological complex is a semantic-conceptual formation" creates a correct sentence.
• Yuri Lotman made great contributions to the elaboration of phraseology.
• According to Lotman, "Culture is a collective intellect and collective memory".
• Cultural memory serves as a system for storing cultural information layer by layer.
• "Undoubtedly" defines "beyond/without question."
• "Encouragement" defines "a pat on the back".
• Language serves as a code, a link between a person’s inner and outer world.
• Language's world picture is partly universal and partly specific.
• Language serves as a means of reality comprehension, presentation, and estimation in people's mentality.
• Phraseological units as fixed idioms, foreign lexicographers call as such units.
• Necessary, important share synonyms for crucial.
• Metaphors can be used to link one idea to another.
• Humboldt concluded that the main difference between languages is in the worldview.
• V.A. Maslova says idioms reflect national worldview.
• Love and bravery are cultural meanings of “heart” in both Kazakh and English.
• Linguoculturology studies the relationship between language and culture.
• A.V. Kunin states that stability and idiomaticity, are features of phraseological units.
• A "pat on the back" is translated to encouragment.
• Language and culture are interconnected through shared meanings and concepts.
• Proverbs are short, well-known sentences expressing general truths.
• Paremiology focuses primarily on the study of proverbs.
• Different cultures possess distinct words for beauty reflecting how language influences cultural perceptions.
• A proverb contains a moral lesson.
• The special term “privacy” reflects English efforts to be independent.
• The most significant features of the national character of the English people are reservedness and politeness.
• "Time is money" conveys that British people appreciate time.
• Russian language uses many colours to describe colours like blue.
• The language one thinks in shapes the perception of reality.
• Metaphors help understand abstract concepts by linking familiar ideas to new concepts.
• The phrase "break a leg" means to wish someone good luck.
• Idioms are difficult for language learners, as they can not be taken literally.
• Proverbs provides insight into cultural values that aids in cross-cultural communication.
• Studying phraseology in different languages is important to understand cultural difference and similarities.
• "Spill the beans" is an example of a metaphorical idiom.
• "Hit the sack" means “to go to bed”.
• Proverbs contain moral lessons.
• "Bite the bullet" means to endure a difficult situation bravely.
• "Costs an arm and a leg" means it is very expensive.
• Different languages have unique idioms because they reflect cultural history and values
• "The ball is in your court" is an idioms that signifies it is one's turn to take action.
• "Under the weather" means feeling sick.
• Language influences cultural identity, because it assists to expresses traditions and values.
• The proverb "Rome wasn’t built in a day" encourages patience.
• Idioms are difficult to translate word for word because their meanings are often figurative
• The idiom "burn the midnight oil" means to work late at night.
• Proverbs offer wisdom or advice that differentiate them to phrase or idioms.
• The expression "break the ice" to start a converstation in a social setting.