Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which element of communication is responsible for conveying the information?
Which element of communication is responsible for conveying the information?
What does semantics deal with?
What does semantics deal with?
What is the role of the receiver in communication?
What is the role of the receiver in communication?
Which of the following is NOT considered an element of communication?
Which of the following is NOT considered an element of communication?
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What is the relationship between syntax and semantics in communication?
What is the relationship between syntax and semantics in communication?
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What developmental stage follows the two-word stage in language acquisition?
What developmental stage follows the two-word stage in language acquisition?
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Which of the following best describes the domain-specific approach to language acquisition?
Which of the following best describes the domain-specific approach to language acquisition?
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Which statement accurately reflects the auditory theory of speech perception?
Which statement accurately reflects the auditory theory of speech perception?
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What is the function of pointing in early communication?
What is the function of pointing in early communication?
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Which gene is notably associated with severe speech and language disorders within the KE family?
Which gene is notably associated with severe speech and language disorders within the KE family?
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What does the McGurk effect demonstrate?
What does the McGurk effect demonstrate?
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What does Zipf's law of brevity propose?
What does Zipf's law of brevity propose?
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Which assumption relates to applying the same name to objects of the same shape, regardless of color?
Which assumption relates to applying the same name to objects of the same shape, regardless of color?
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What is a characteristic of iconic gestures?
What is a characteristic of iconic gestures?
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In the context of fast mapping, how is word learning characterized?
In the context of fast mapping, how is word learning characterized?
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What role do gestures play in the cube rotation task?
What role do gestures play in the cube rotation task?
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What does the information packaging hypothesis suggest about gestures?
What does the information packaging hypothesis suggest about gestures?
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Which statement about home signs is accurate?
Which statement about home signs is accurate?
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According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, what influence does language have on its speakers?
According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, what influence does language have on its speakers?
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What concept explains that children expect different words to have distinct meanings?
What concept explains that children expect different words to have distinct meanings?
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What is the main argument of the critics of linguistic relativity?
What is the main argument of the critics of linguistic relativity?
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What is emphasized in the interactionist approach to language acquisition?
What is emphasized in the interactionist approach to language acquisition?
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What does Csibra and Gergely's theory of natural pedagogy state?
What does Csibra and Gergely's theory of natural pedagogy state?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Broca's aphasia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Broca's aphasia?
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What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?
What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?
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Which of the following statements about the right hemisphere of the brain is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the right hemisphere of the brain is TRUE?
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According to the foraging brain hypothesis, which factor contributes to a larger brain size in primates?
According to the foraging brain hypothesis, which factor contributes to a larger brain size in primates?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of language learning in infants?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of language learning in infants?
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Which of the following is an example of a bound morpheme?
Which of the following is an example of a bound morpheme?
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Which of the following primate studies demonstrated that apes can understand spoken English?
Which of the following primate studies demonstrated that apes can understand spoken English?
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What is the term for the type of communication in which primates adjust their calls based on their audience?
What is the term for the type of communication in which primates adjust their calls based on their audience?
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Study Notes
Language and Communication
- Communication involves a sender, message, and receiver
- Syntax governs language structure
- Semantics deals with word and sentence meanings
- Morphology involves word structure (morphemes)
- Free morphemes stand alone; bound morphemes need other morphemes
- Inflectional morphemes change word form without changing meaning
- Derivational morphemes change word meaning or category
- Phonology studies sounds
- Pragmatics considers context in communication
- Language is modality-independent (gestures and speech)
- Animals react to meaningful information
- Intentional communication involves adjusting signals
- Apes use various methods of communication
Ape Studies
- Gua never produced understandable words
- Viki produced few words
- Washoe learned 150-250 ASL signs
- Nim learned 350 ASL signs
- Kanzi understood 3000 spoken English words
- Panzee knew 128 English words
- Bonnie learned to whistle
- Broca's area is involved in language production
Brain and Language
- Wernicke's area is involved in language comprehension
- Absolute brain size is overall size
- Relative brain size is brain size relative to body size
- Social brain hypothesis links brain size with social group size in primates
- Larger brains are associated with more complex diets
- Language emerged approximately 50,000-70,000 years ago
- Mirror neurons are linked to language and imitation
- Left hemisphere (LH) handles logic, math and speech, with Broca/Wernicke areas for understanding and producing speech
- Right hemisphere (RH) plays a role in creativity and other functions
- Split brain (epilepsy) surgery involves severing the corpus callosum
- Right visual field (RVF) input triggers LH naming responses
- Left visual field (LVF) input triggers RH drawing responses
- Broca's aphasia results in non-fluent speech
- Wernicke's aphasia causes fluent but meaningless speech
- Bilingualism exists in about half the world’s population
- Bilinguals often perform better on executive tasks
Language Acquisition Stages
- Proto-phones (3-4 months) involve early speech sounds
- Babbling (4-8 months) is frequent speech-like vocalization
- One-word stage (9-18 months) is marked by first words
- Two-word stage (18-24 months) shows two-word combinations
- Telegraphic stage (24-30 months) involves simple sentences
- Language acquisition continues after the telegraphic stage
Domain Specific/General
- Domain-specific theories suggest language is based on specialized cognitive mechanisms
- Domain-general theories propose language acquisition utilizes general cognitive processes (e.g., memory)
Language Pointing
- Imperative pointing is using pointing to request something
- Declarative pointing involves sharing information and focusing attention
- Researchers linked FOXP2 gene to speech and language issues via family studies
Motor/Auditory Theories of Speech Perception
- Motor theory focuses on innate speech production being unique in humans
- Auditory theory emphasizes auditory mechanisms involved in speech perception
McGurk Effect
- This describes interaction of vision and hearing in speech perception
Zipf's Law
- Frequent words tend to be shorter
Heaps Law
- The relationship between the length of text and the number of unique words
- Fewer new words as the text develops
Language and Gestures
- Iconic gestures resemble what they depict
- Emblems have specific meanings within a community
- Metaphoric gestures represent abstract ideas
- Beats support rhythm but not semantic meaning
- Pointing directs attention to something
- Gestures can improve cognitive tasks, particularly in math and memory
Linguistic Relativity
- Linguistic relativity proposes that language can influence thought. Some aspects of thought and emotions, and perception, are impacted by language.
Cooperative Communication
- Humans use communication to achieve common goals
Intentional Communication
- Humans signal their intentions to others
Ostensive Cues
- Verbal or non-verbal signals
Csibra and Gergely’s Theory of Natural Pedagogy
- Humans communicate to transfer generic knowledge efficiently
Approaches to Language Acquisition
- Interactionist view focuses on environmental and biological factors
- Empiricist view focuses on observation and experience
- Nativist view emphasizes innate human abilities to acquire language
- The Skinner/Bruner view suggests language is learned via imitation and reinforcement
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Description
This quiz explores the intricacies of language and communication, focusing on both human and ape communication systems. It discusses key concepts such as syntax, semantics, and the various studies conducted on primate communication. Test your understanding of language's structure and how it relates to both humans and animals.
