Landmarks of the Skull
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the bony prominence located just above the nasion?

  • Vertex
  • Glabella (correct)
  • Intra-orbital point
  • Nasion

    • What is the function of the midsagittal plane in radiography?

  • Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves
  • Identifies the location of the external occipital protuberance
  • Determines the angle of the external auditory meatus
  • Divides the body into left and right halves (correct)

    • What is the name of the line that connects the pupils or the outer canthi of the eyes?

  • Midsagittal plane
  • Median fontanelle
  • Interpupillary line (correct)
  • Intra-orbital line

    • What is the lowest point of the inferior orbital margin?

    <p>Infra-orbital point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the prominence on the occipital bone?

    <p>External occipital protuberance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the orientation of the intra-orbital line when the patient is in a true lateral position?

    <p>Perpendicular to the plane of the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which position should the patient be placed for a Towne's view x-ray?

    <p>Supine position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be removed from the patient before taking an x-ray?

    <p>Metal, plastic, or other removable objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the head be positioned for a lateral x-ray?

    <p>In a true lateral position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of aligning the IOML perpendicular to the IR?

    <p>To ensure proper head position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should the central ray be centered for a lateral x-ray?

    <p>2 inches superior to the EAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of depresssing the chin in a Towne's view x-ray?

    <p>To bring the OML perpendicular to the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position of the patient's neck and head to place the IOML parallel to the film plane?

    <p>Hyperextended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the central ray in relation to the IOML?

    <p>Perpendicular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is evaluated during image evaluation?

    <p>Both zygomatic arches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position of the patient during the mandible axiolateral oblique procedure?

    <p>Semisupine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inclination of the cassette during the mandible axiolateral oblique procedure?

    <p>10 to 15 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adjusted during the mandible axiolateral oblique procedure to ensure the part of the mandible of greatest interest is parallel to the film plane?

    <p>The rotation of the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended position for the patient's arms during the verticosubmental view?

    <p>Arms in a comfortable position with hands resting on the table at the level of the neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the verticosubmental view, what is the direction of the central ray?

    <p>Perpendicular to the IOML through a plane passing 1.5 cm anterior to the EAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of the HAAS method?

    <p>It is recommended for patients who cannot undergo a Towne's projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the verticosubmental view, what is the correct position of the patient's head?

    <p>Resting on the chin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the HAAS method not recommended for certain patients?

    <p>Because it causes excessive magnification of the occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the verticosubmental view, what should be done before hyperextending the patient's neck?

    <p>A fracture or dislocation of the cervical vertebrae should be ruled out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a compression device in mammography?

    <p>To separate breast structures that may be superimposed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using a compression device in terms of radiation exposure?

    <p>It decreases the amount of scattered radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to apply compression slowly and steadily?

    <p>To allow the patient to adjust to the sensation and apply adequate compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of keeping visual contact during compression application?

    <p>To assess the patient's comfort level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using a compression device in terms of image quality?

    <p>It greatly enhances the visibility of detail in breast images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the base and apex of the breast in terms of tissue density?

    <p>The base is denser and thicker than the apex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Landmarks of the Skull

    • Infra-orbital point: the lowest point of the inferior orbital margin
    • Nasion: the fronto-nasal articulation
    • Glabella: a bony prominence just above the nasion
    • Vertex: the highest point of the skull
    • External-occipital protuberance: prominence on the occipital bone
    • External Auditory meatus: the opening into the auditory canal

    Midsagittal Plane (MSP)

    • Divides the body into left and right halves
    • Important for accurate positioning of the cranium
    • Perpendicular to or parallel to the plane of the IR for every AP and PA or lateral projection

    Interpupillary Line (IPL)

    • Line that connects the pupils or the outer canthi of the eyes
    • Must be exactly perpendicular to the plane of IR when the head is in a true lateral position

    Median Fontanelles of the Skull

    • Anterior fontanelle
    • Posterior fontanelle

    Lines of the Skull

    • Intra-orbital: the line joins the center of the two orbits, perpendicular to the film if the patient is in a true lateral position
    • CR: perpendicular to IR (parallel to OML) and centered to exit at glabella

    Lateral Projection

    • Patient position: erect or recumbent semi-prone position
    • Part position: head in a true lateral position, side of interest closest to IR
    • Align MSP parallel to IR, ensuring no rotation or tilt
    • Align IPL perpendicular to IR, ensuring no tilt of head
    • Adjust neck flexion to align IOML perpendicular to front edge of IR
    • CR: perpendicular to IR, centered to a point 2 inches (5 cm) superior to EAM

    Towne's View

    • Patient position: supine position
    • Part position: depress chin, bringing OML perpendicular to IR
    • Ensure no head rotation or tilt exists
    • Ensure vertex of the skull is within collimation field
    • Hyperextend the patient's neck and head to place the IOML parallel or nearly parallel with the film plane

    Verticosubmental View

    • Patient position: prone
    • Center the mid-sagital plane to the midline of the grid device
    • Hyperextend the patient's neck and head, rest the patient's head on the chin
    • Direct the central ray perpendicular to the IOML through a plane passing 1.5 cm anterior to the EAM
    • The central ray should pass through the sella turcica

    HAAS Method

    • Alternative projection for patients who cannot undergo Towne's view
    • Results in magnification of the occipital area but in lower doses to facial structures and the thyroid gland
    • Not recommended when the occipital bone is the area of interest due to excessive magnification

    Mammography

    • Cranio-caudal (CC) projection:
      • Patient position: erect
      • Part position: lift the breast to achieve a 90° angle to the chest wall
      • Pulled the breast forward onto the IR with the nipple in profile

    Compression in Mammography

    • Used to even out the thickness of the breast tissue
    • Enhances the visibility of detail in breast images
    • Made of a plastic that allows transmission of low-energy x-rays
    • Slow and steady application is important to allow the patient time to adjust to the sensation and to apply adequate compression
    • Reasons for use: decrease the thickness of the breast, bring the breast structures as close to the IR as possible, decrease the dose and scattered radiation, decrease motion and geometric unsharpness, increase contrast, and separate breast structures that may be superimposed.

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    Description

    Identify and learn about the different landmarks of the skull, including the infra-orbital point, nasion, glabella, vertex, and more. Test your knowledge with this quiz!

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