Land Use and Harvesting Trees
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant environmental issue caused by giant shovels in mining?

  • Pollution of water sources (correct)
  • Increase in biodiversity
  • Creation of new habitats
  • Reduction of soil erosion
  • What is left behind when contour strip mining is performed without land restoration?

  • A smooth plateau
  • A large body of water
  • A dense forest
  • A wall of dirt known as a highwall (correct)
  • How does contour strip mining differ from area strip mining?

  • It is more environmentally friendly
  • It is conducted on hills or mountains (correct)
  • It extracts only precious minerals
  • It requires deeper pits
  • In open pit mining, what type of materials are typically removed?

    <p>Ores, sand, gravel, and stone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can accumulate at the bottom of an open pit mining site?

    <p>Toxic groundwater (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct consequence of cutting away the hillside in contour strip mining?

    <p>Erosion of soil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a negative effect of failing to restore land after contour strip mining?

    <p>Formation of highly erodible banks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of material may not be removed during open pit mining?

    <p>Organic soil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary disadvantage of urban/suburban land use?

    <p>Pollution and resource quality deterioration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which advantage is associated with rural/exurban land use?

    <p>Lower population density (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major problem arises from urbanization?

    <p>Destruction of animal habitats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does urbanization positively impact an economy?

    <p>By enhancing communication and efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of land being used for agricultural needs in rural areas?

    <p>Degradation of land through farming practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential impact of placer mining?

    <p>Disrupts ecosystems through dredging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of area strip mining?

    <p>Leaves behind highly erodible spoil banks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a best management practice for sustainable forests?

    <p>Controlled and planned logging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is tropical deforestation a concern?

    <p>It leads to loss of carbon sinks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about nature reserves is most accurate?

    <p>Nature reserves can aid in wildlife conservation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in managing and sustaining forests effectively?

    <p>Implementing reforestation efforts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mining technique is characterized by the stripping away of overburden to expose resources?

    <p>Area strip mining (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does modern placer mining often affect the environment?

    <p>By possibly using toxic substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of mountain removal mining?

    <p>It exposes coal while damaging local ecosystems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mining is associated with vertical mine shafts?

    <p>Subsurface mining (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a toxic byproduct formed when rain mixes with mining chemicals?

    <p>Sulfuric water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with subsurface mining?

    <p>Very dangerous working conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to waste rock and dirt in mountaintop removal mining?

    <p>It is dumped into streams and valleys below. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is subsurface mining considered hazardous?

    <p>It can lead to subsidence and collapse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metals are typically extracted through subsurface mining?

    <p>Gold, lead, and silver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main tools used in mountaintop removal mining?

    <p>Machinery and explosives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    What are BMPs?

    Best Management Practices are techniques used to prevent or minimize environmental damage caused by human activities.

    What is deforestation?

    Deforestation is the permanent removal of forests to make way for other land uses, such as agriculture, urbanization, and logging.

    What is sustainable forest management?

    Sustainable forest management aims to use forest resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

    Describe clear-cutting.

    Clear-cutting involves cutting down all trees in an area, leaving bare ground, which can lead to soil erosion, water pollution, and habitat loss.

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    Describe selective logging.

    Selective logging involves harvesting only certain trees, leaving others intact, which helps preserve biodiversity and forest structure.

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    What are nature reserves?

    Nature reserves are protected areas designated for the preservation of natural resources, biodiversity, and ecosystems.

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    Define mineral resources.

    Mineral resources are nonrenewable resources that are found in the Earth's crust and are mined for various uses.

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    What are the environmental effects of mining?

    Mining can have significant environmental impacts, such as habitat destruction, air and water pollution, and soil erosion.

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    Open Pit Mining

    A type of surface mining where machines remove large amounts of earth to expose mineral deposits, leaving behind a huge pit.

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    Contour Strip Mining

    A type of surface mining where machines strip away layers of earth to access coal seams, leaving behind a high wall of dirt.

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    Area Strip Mining

    A type of surface mining where machines remove layers of earth in a straight line to access mineral deposits, leaving a long, narrow trench.

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    Overburden Removal

    The process of removing the layer of earth and rock covering a mineral deposit, often using giant shovels.

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    Overburden

    The layer of earth and rock that covers a mineral deposit.

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    Highwall

    A large, vertical wall of dirt left behind after surface mining, which can be unstable and prone to erosion.

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    Water Pollution

    The pollution of water sources caused by runoff from mining operations.

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    Surface Mining

    Mining methods that remove large amounts of earth from the surface, potentially causing environmental damage.

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    Mountaintop Removal

    A mining technique where the tops of mountains are removed to expose coal.

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    Subsurface Mining

    A mining technique where shafts are dug deep underground to extract minerals.

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    Acid Mine Drainage

    Chemicals released from mining activities that can contaminate water sources.

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    Mining

    The process of extracting valuable minerals from the earth.

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    Subsidence

    The sinking of the ground surface, often caused by underground mining activities.

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    Strip Mining

    A type of mining where the ore or mineral is found near the surface.

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    Mine Waste

    The waste rock and dirt left behind after mining operations.

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    Urban/Suburban

    A densely populated area in a city/town, characterized by high population density and often associated with economic activity and cultural diversity.

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    Rural/Exurban

    A less densely populated area, mainly used for agricultural purposes, with lower population density and often associated with farming and rural landscapes.

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    Deforestation

    The removal of forests for purposes like agriculture, urbanization, and logging, leading to loss of habitats, soil erosion, and climate change.

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    Remediation

    A process used to clean up or remove pollutants from the environment, aiming to restore the affected area to a healthy state.

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    Study Notes

    Land Use

    • Best Management Practices (BMPs) are land management techniques. They sustainably use land to protect water quality, biodiversity, aesthetics, and recreation. BMPs are strategies for sustainable land use. An example is using riparian zones in forests.
    • Forests cover roughly 26% of Earth's land. Forests provide ecosystem services (e.g., reducing soil erosion) and economic benefits (e.g., lumber).
    • Old-growth forests are uncut or regenerated forests untouched for hundreds of years. They host many plant species with specialized niches. Around 22% of the world's forests are old-growth.
    • Second-growth forests develop from natural secondary succession.
    • Tree plantations are planted stands of a single tree species.
    • Deforestation: Human activities have reduced Earth's forest cover by almost half. Losses are mainly in developing countries, often for biomass fuel.

    Harvesting Trees

    • Trees can be harvested selectively (individually from diverse forests) or entirely (clear-cutting), or in strips.

    Deforestation

    • Clearing and degrading ecologically and economically significant tropical forests is a significant problem. 10 million hectares are lost each year.
    • Tropical forests are burned to create space for cattle ranches, and for crops like palm oil (slash-and-burn farming). Deforestation is also due to wood for biomass fuels.

    Forest Fires

    • Controlled surface fires (prescribed burns) are beneficial. They clear flammable ground materials. This can control pests, invasive species, and release valuable mineral nutrients. The intensity and location of fires can harm or benefit forests.

    Forest Use Debate

    • There's debate over whether US national forests should prioritize timber, ecological recreation, or a mix.

    Solutions to Land Use Challenges

    • Sustainability: Maximize the value of ecological services, Harvest trees slower than they can replenish (Maximum Sustainable Yield), Afforestation (planting new forests), and Reforestation (replanting trees) and protect old growth areas.

    Mining

    • Nonrenewable mineral resources (e.g., ores) are parts of Earth's crust. Minerals can be extracted, processed and used in many materials, such as fossil fuels (coal, oil), metals (iron, copper), and non-metals (sand, gravel).
    • Overburden is soil and rock above the desired mineral. Spoils are the waste material after the desired mineral is extracted.
    • Extracting and processing minerals is done in a variety of ways, like different mining techniques (Placer, Area Strip, Contour Strip, and Open Pit mining).
    • Different mining techniques (e.g., placer mining, area strip mining, contour strip mining) are used based on the type of mineral and depth, causing different amounts of environmental harm.

    Urbanization

    • Urban/suburban areas are densely populated, offering economic opportunities, but can create crowding and environmental challenges like pollution and loss of biodiversity.
    • Rural/exurban areas are less densely populated areas, typically for agricultural use, and can offer peacefulness and opportunities for economic self-sufficiency, but lack access to many services and conveniences.
    • Urbanization is the process of making an area more urban, often causing problems like pollution, habitat destruction, increased consumption, economic inequality, heat islands, and flooding.

    Conservation and Management

    • Conservation efforts aim to protect 15% of the earth's land area.
    • About 8.2% of the world's land is currently protected for conservation.
    • Nature reserves (core and buffer zones) are models to protect biodiversity and allow for economic needs.
    • The Mining Law of 1872 (also known as the General Mining Act) influences mining practices. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 regulates coal mining.

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of land management and the importance of forests in our ecosystem through this quiz. Learn about best management practices, old-growth versus second-growth forests, and the impacts of deforestation. Test your knowledge on sustainable land use and tree harvesting methods.

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