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Questions and Answers
What is a significant environmental issue caused by giant shovels in mining?
What is a significant environmental issue caused by giant shovels in mining?
What is left behind when contour strip mining is performed without land restoration?
What is left behind when contour strip mining is performed without land restoration?
How does contour strip mining differ from area strip mining?
How does contour strip mining differ from area strip mining?
In open pit mining, what type of materials are typically removed?
In open pit mining, what type of materials are typically removed?
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What can accumulate at the bottom of an open pit mining site?
What can accumulate at the bottom of an open pit mining site?
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What is a direct consequence of cutting away the hillside in contour strip mining?
What is a direct consequence of cutting away the hillside in contour strip mining?
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What can be a negative effect of failing to restore land after contour strip mining?
What can be a negative effect of failing to restore land after contour strip mining?
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What type of material may not be removed during open pit mining?
What type of material may not be removed during open pit mining?
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What is a primary disadvantage of urban/suburban land use?
What is a primary disadvantage of urban/suburban land use?
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Which advantage is associated with rural/exurban land use?
Which advantage is associated with rural/exurban land use?
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What major problem arises from urbanization?
What major problem arises from urbanization?
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How does urbanization positively impact an economy?
How does urbanization positively impact an economy?
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What is a potential drawback of land being used for agricultural needs in rural areas?
What is a potential drawback of land being used for agricultural needs in rural areas?
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What is one potential impact of placer mining?
What is one potential impact of placer mining?
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What is a consequence of area strip mining?
What is a consequence of area strip mining?
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Which of the following is a best management practice for sustainable forests?
Which of the following is a best management practice for sustainable forests?
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Why is tropical deforestation a concern?
Why is tropical deforestation a concern?
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Which of the following statements about nature reserves is most accurate?
Which of the following statements about nature reserves is most accurate?
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What is a key factor in managing and sustaining forests effectively?
What is a key factor in managing and sustaining forests effectively?
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Which mining technique is characterized by the stripping away of overburden to expose resources?
Which mining technique is characterized by the stripping away of overburden to expose resources?
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How does modern placer mining often affect the environment?
How does modern placer mining often affect the environment?
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What is one consequence of mountain removal mining?
What is one consequence of mountain removal mining?
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What type of mining is associated with vertical mine shafts?
What type of mining is associated with vertical mine shafts?
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Which of the following is a toxic byproduct formed when rain mixes with mining chemicals?
Which of the following is a toxic byproduct formed when rain mixes with mining chemicals?
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What is a significant risk associated with subsurface mining?
What is a significant risk associated with subsurface mining?
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What happens to waste rock and dirt in mountaintop removal mining?
What happens to waste rock and dirt in mountaintop removal mining?
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Why is subsurface mining considered hazardous?
Why is subsurface mining considered hazardous?
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Which metals are typically extracted through subsurface mining?
Which metals are typically extracted through subsurface mining?
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What is one of the main tools used in mountaintop removal mining?
What is one of the main tools used in mountaintop removal mining?
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Flashcards
What are BMPs?
What are BMPs?
Best Management Practices are techniques used to prevent or minimize environmental damage caused by human activities.
What is deforestation?
What is deforestation?
Deforestation is the permanent removal of forests to make way for other land uses, such as agriculture, urbanization, and logging.
What is sustainable forest management?
What is sustainable forest management?
Sustainable forest management aims to use forest resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Describe clear-cutting.
Describe clear-cutting.
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Describe selective logging.
Describe selective logging.
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What are nature reserves?
What are nature reserves?
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Define mineral resources.
Define mineral resources.
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What are the environmental effects of mining?
What are the environmental effects of mining?
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Open Pit Mining
Open Pit Mining
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Contour Strip Mining
Contour Strip Mining
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Area Strip Mining
Area Strip Mining
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Overburden Removal
Overburden Removal
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Overburden
Overburden
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Highwall
Highwall
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Water Pollution
Water Pollution
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Surface Mining
Surface Mining
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Mountaintop Removal
Mountaintop Removal
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Subsurface Mining
Subsurface Mining
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Acid Mine Drainage
Acid Mine Drainage
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Mining
Mining
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Subsidence
Subsidence
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Strip Mining
Strip Mining
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Mine Waste
Mine Waste
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Urban/Suburban
Urban/Suburban
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Rural/Exurban
Rural/Exurban
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Deforestation
Deforestation
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Remediation
Remediation
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Study Notes
Land Use
- Best Management Practices (BMPs) are land management techniques. They sustainably use land to protect water quality, biodiversity, aesthetics, and recreation. BMPs are strategies for sustainable land use. An example is using riparian zones in forests.
- Forests cover roughly 26% of Earth's land. Forests provide ecosystem services (e.g., reducing soil erosion) and economic benefits (e.g., lumber).
- Old-growth forests are uncut or regenerated forests untouched for hundreds of years. They host many plant species with specialized niches. Around 22% of the world's forests are old-growth.
- Second-growth forests develop from natural secondary succession.
- Tree plantations are planted stands of a single tree species.
- Deforestation: Human activities have reduced Earth's forest cover by almost half. Losses are mainly in developing countries, often for biomass fuel.
Harvesting Trees
- Trees can be harvested selectively (individually from diverse forests) or entirely (clear-cutting), or in strips.
Deforestation
- Clearing and degrading ecologically and economically significant tropical forests is a significant problem. 10 million hectares are lost each year.
- Tropical forests are burned to create space for cattle ranches, and for crops like palm oil (slash-and-burn farming). Deforestation is also due to wood for biomass fuels.
Forest Fires
- Controlled surface fires (prescribed burns) are beneficial. They clear flammable ground materials. This can control pests, invasive species, and release valuable mineral nutrients. The intensity and location of fires can harm or benefit forests.
Forest Use Debate
- There's debate over whether US national forests should prioritize timber, ecological recreation, or a mix.
Solutions to Land Use Challenges
- Sustainability: Maximize the value of ecological services, Harvest trees slower than they can replenish (Maximum Sustainable Yield), Afforestation (planting new forests), and Reforestation (replanting trees) and protect old growth areas.
Mining
- Nonrenewable mineral resources (e.g., ores) are parts of Earth's crust. Minerals can be extracted, processed and used in many materials, such as fossil fuels (coal, oil), metals (iron, copper), and non-metals (sand, gravel).
- Overburden is soil and rock above the desired mineral. Spoils are the waste material after the desired mineral is extracted.
- Extracting and processing minerals is done in a variety of ways, like different mining techniques (Placer, Area Strip, Contour Strip, and Open Pit mining).
- Different mining techniques (e.g., placer mining, area strip mining, contour strip mining) are used based on the type of mineral and depth, causing different amounts of environmental harm.
Urbanization
- Urban/suburban areas are densely populated, offering economic opportunities, but can create crowding and environmental challenges like pollution and loss of biodiversity.
- Rural/exurban areas are less densely populated areas, typically for agricultural use, and can offer peacefulness and opportunities for economic self-sufficiency, but lack access to many services and conveniences.
- Urbanization is the process of making an area more urban, often causing problems like pollution, habitat destruction, increased consumption, economic inequality, heat islands, and flooding.
Conservation and Management
- Conservation efforts aim to protect 15% of the earth's land area.
- About 8.2% of the world's land is currently protected for conservation.
- Nature reserves (core and buffer zones) are models to protect biodiversity and allow for economic needs.
- The Mining Law of 1872 (also known as the General Mining Act) influences mining practices. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 regulates coal mining.
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Description
Explore the concepts of land management and the importance of forests in our ecosystem through this quiz. Learn about best management practices, old-growth versus second-growth forests, and the impacts of deforestation. Test your knowledge on sustainable land use and tree harvesting methods.