LAND 240 Final Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe the aesthetic values embodied in Greek and Roman art and architecture?

Classical

What is the belief that elements such as wind and water had conscious life and that spirit forces dwelt within trees, birds, fish, reptiles, and mammals?

Animism

What are large scale images inscribed on the Earth, generally by carving into stone or the ground plane called?

Geoglyph

What is a singular large upright standing stone, generally used as a grave known as?

Menhir Signup and view all the answers

What is a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building called?

Colonnade Signup and view all the answers

What is the ceremonial way developed in conjunction with religious rituals in which priests and populations assembled before ziggurats, pyramids, and temples called?

Processional Axes Signup and view all the answers

What is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway called?

Portico Signup and view all the answers

What does Genius Loci refer to?

The spirit of a specific place and the idea of guardian deities of that landscape Signup and view all the answers

What is the entirety of outlying environments and regional space in Greek city structure called?

Chora Signup and view all the answers

What is the notion that within the larger sanctity of nature, some places are especially sacred called?

Spatial hierophany Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a tall, narrow, four-sided tapering monument, usually placed upon a pedestal?

Obelisk Signup and view all the answers

Select the cultures that describe some of the major cultures of the Classical Mediterranean Landscape.

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which Natural World Determinant is NOT an example of where Neolithic Settlements began?

Available Terrestrial Space Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are considered typologies of Roman villas EXCEPT:

Villa Jardin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms are portions of the structure of Greek City States based on Aristotle's notion of topos EXCEPT:

Tholos Signup and view all the answers

Men and women were allowed citizenship and allotments were paid to the city for improvement purposes.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which terms can be used to describe Paleolithic or Neolithic stone stacking types?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT an example of the Roman alteration of the Greek landscape?

Rebuilding of the Parthenon Signup and view all the answers

The Aegean settlement landscape differed from the Near Eastern Settlements in all of the following ways EXCEPT?

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the two principal streets which create the central intersection in Roman city layouts?

Cardo and Decumanus Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics best describe the Crete Island city of Knossos?

All of the above answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

None of the above answers are correct regarding the primary differences in Paleolithic and Neolithic era human culture.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the design characteristics of the temples of Mentuhotep II at Karnak, Egypt EXCEPT?

Golden triangles atop linear columns Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics best describe Hippodamus' planning strategies?

Based upon a political system which divided the population into three classes Signup and view all the answers

Stone and wooden utensils were utilized more than pottery-based utensils in Neolithic Art.

False Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the primary characteristics of architectural design in the Classical world?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which best characterizes the primary spatial planning elements utilized in Old World Cave design?

All A, B, and C are correct answers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an element of Roman urbanism imperial order?

Temenos sanctuaries Signup and view all the answers

Which are examples of cosmological landscapes in the Pre-Spanish Conquest Americas EXCEPT?

Chemi Shanidar Mounds in Mesa Verde, Colorado Signup and view all the answers

Which terms are examples of sacred landscape plants in the Greek world EXCEPT?

Cedar Trees Signup and view all the answers

What is the Mogul tomb garden in Agra, India, that was built as a gift of love called?

Taj Mahal Signup and view all the answers

What Renaissance site designed by architect Giacomo da Vignola offers expressions of axial planning and imaginative water use?

Villa Lante Signup and view all the answers

Which Islamic city is home to the Mezquita and was an important center for arts, trades, and studying in the Middle Ages?

Cordoba Signup and view all the answers

What English bastide town was built as a replacement harbor but fell victim to the retreat of the sea?

Winchelsea Signup and view all the answers

What public space designed by Michelangelo was built at Capitoline Hill, reflecting a new urban direction?

Campidoglio Signup and view all the answers

What piazza in Siena features a unique sundial tower and is known for its distinctive design?

Piazza del Campo Signup and view all the answers

What Mogul garden in Kashmir was composed of three square terraces and was known as the 'Abode of Love'?

The Shalimar Garden of Kashmir Signup and view all the answers

Which Medieval planted town was originally settled in 100 AD and became a single city after a merger?

Salisbury, England Signup and view all the answers

What French Medieval Bastide town established by King Louis IX served as a base for future crusades?

Aigues-Mortes Signup and view all the answers

Which city is recognized for one of the first major urban expansions of the Renaissance in Italy?

Ferrara Signup and view all the answers

What term describes an Italian viewing gallery or corridor at ground level?

Loggia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is TRUE about Medieval urban form?

True Signup and view all the answers

What was the term used to describe the space or square around the church where people gathered or were buried?

Parvis Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the two ENGLISH bastides towns that was built as a replacement harbor?

Winchelsea Signup and view all the answers

Which of these events DID NOT occur within the Medieval period?

Bronze Age Signup and view all the answers

All of these are examples of primary components of Medieval urban form EXCEPT:

Peristyle Gardens Signup and view all the answers

What Medieval town was created by a system of canals and has the Piazza San Marco as its primary public square?

Venice Signup and view all the answers

Of the two categories of Medieval Towns (organic and planned), which of the following is NOT considered a type or tier of town?

Bastion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following town types were developed with a military function in mind?

Bastide Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are examples of Medieval Garden features EXCEPT:

Small applications as roses for plant specimen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sites is NOT considered an early Islamic Mogul Garden?

The Alhambra of Generalife Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the Moorish city that was home to the Mezquita?

Cordoba Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the early Islamic garden city known as the 'City of Gardens'?

Isfahan Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the inward-focused houses and gardens of Arabic Spain design?

Carmen Signup and view all the answers

What describes a bucket-scoop waterwheel used in gardens?

Noria Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the overseer of market operations in the historic Islamic Empire?

Muhtasib Signup and view all the answers

A muhtasib would generally conduct rituals and sacrifices from the mudejar.

False Signup and view all the answers

External focus away from water features is a shared characteristic of a typical historic Islamic garden.

False Signup and view all the answers

What Islamic garden is considered a prototype for most other Mogul gardens?

Babur Gardens Signup and view all the answers

Its Kaaba is believed to be founded by Muhammad.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following answers is NOT a reason for the spreading of humanist thought from Italy to northern Europe?

The fall of Constantinople to Islamic tribes Signup and view all the answers

What town was once known as Lutetia, developed by Henry V?

Paris Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patterns is NOT considered a northern Renaissance parterre pattern?

Villandry Signup and view all the answers

What early French renaissance fortress town was separated into two parts?

Nancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the FRENCH manor houses or residences for lords?

Chateau Signup and view all the answers

What garden built by King Francis featured three terraces bordered by walls?

Blois Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a molded shaft supporting a banister in a staircase?

Baluster Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the promenade and extension of a view in a French formal garden?

Allee Signup and view all the answers

What projections placed on town walls are a Renaissance breakthrough in fortification?

Bastion Signup and view all the answers

Which valley in France is known for spreading chateaux by French Monarch Francis I?

Loire Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the central point of conversion for long urban axes in Baroque planning?

Rond Point Signup and view all the answers

What grand piece of Baroque urban design was connected to the city by the Cours-la-Reine?

The Louvre Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding defining the Baroque style of landscape design?

It is an Oriental term meaning 'irregularly shaped pearl' Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the principal features of an Andre Le Notre design scheme?

Secret gardens Signup and view all the answers

What Tuscan Rococo garden in Florence utilized a water parterre?

La Gamberaia Signup and view all the answers

What term describes an unbroken expanse of lawn in French Baroque landscape design?

Tapis Vert Signup and view all the answers

Name the primary avenue lined with bosquets in Paris.

Champs Elysses Signup and view all the answers

What city had a plan developed by Christopher Wren after the Fire of 1666?

London Signup and view all the answers

What aesthetic style combines classical Art with modernization of classicist design?

Rococo Style Signup and view all the answers

What garden STYLE developed in Paris as a reaction against Baroque grandeur?

Rococo Signup and view all the answers

What Chinese garden, built from 1406 to 1420, features a vast number of buildings?

Forbidden City Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the hunter/gatherer civilization that settled Japan?

Jomon Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is NOT an example of a Chinese scholar garden?

Garden of Perfect Brightness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an influential religion on Japanese garden design?

Sakuteiki Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the most famous Zen dry gardens founded in 1488 at Kyoto?

Ryoan-Ji Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is NOT an example of a Chinese imperial garden?

Garden of the Master of Fishing Nets Signup and view all the answers

Which Chinese term means 'to make a composition of mountains, water, and trees on a tray'?

Penjing Signup and view all the answers

Which Chinese term means 'borrowed scenery'?

Jie Jing Signup and view all the answers

According to Feng Shui, how were houses planned concerning the main gate?

Houses were planned with the main gate facing south Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is NOT a type of Japanese garden?

Amida Hinduism Gardens Signup and view all the answers

What urban shrine is set into a hillside above the town of Praeneste, Rome?

Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia Signup and view all the answers

What landscape is located in Sperlonga, Rome, famous for its luxurious villas?

The Grotto of Tiberius Signup and view all the answers

What city was considered a spiritual center and housed an important oracle in ancient Greece?

Delphi Signup and view all the answers

What semicircle of alluvial soils is accepted as the origin of agriculture?

Fertile Crescent Signup and view all the answers

What cosmological landscape is found in the Salisbury Plains in England?

Stonehenge Signup and view all the answers

What Near East Neolithic community in Turkey functioned as a trading post for obsidian?

Catal Huyuk Signup and view all the answers

What Paleolithic art piece is thought to symbolize fertility?

Venus de Willendorf Signup and view all the answers

What Paleolithic settlement in Marseilles is known for its negative space wall paintings?

Cosquer Signup and view all the answers

What Assyrian city was organized around water resources and parks?

Erbil Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Medieval Urban Form

Medieval urban areas typically featured a clear distinction between the castle and surrounding settlements.
The parvis was the open space around churches where people gathered, sometimes serving as burial grounds.
Winchelsea was an English bastide town built as a replacement harbor, eventually succumbing to sea retreat and invasions due to weak fortifications.

Historical Context

The Bronze Age did not occur during the Medieval period.
Primary components of Medieval urban design included cloister gardens, cathedrals, towers, and walls, while peristyle gardens are not considered primary.

Notable Medieval Towns

Venice relied on canals as its primary transportation, with the Piazza San Marco as its main public square.
Bastion is not categorized as a type of town among organic and planned Medieval towns.
Burgs and bastides were town types developed with military purposes.

Islamic Gardens and Architecture

Examples of early Islamic Mogul gardens include the Babur Gardens of Kabul and the Taj Mahal, while the Alhambra of Generalife is notably not an early Mogul garden.
Cordoba was famous for the Mezquita and the Court of Oranges, showcasing horseshoe-shaped arches and columns from earlier Roman and Germanic structures.
Isfahan, known as the City of Gardens, featured extensive water channels supporting its population.

Garden Features and Design

"Carmen" refers to the inward-focused houses and gardens typical in Arabic Spain.
A noria is a bucket-scoop waterwheel used to elevate water for gardens.
The overseer of market operations in historic Islamic society was known as a muhtasib.
Characteristics of Islamic gardens typically include a strong focus on water features.

Baroque and Renaissance Influence

Paris underwent significant urban planning under Henry V to elevate its status as a royal capital.
French Renaissance gardens featured parterre patterns, but Villandry is not a northern Renaissance parterre pattern.
Nancy attempted to blend Medieval and Renaissance designs through Place Royale.

Classical and Rococo Elements

The Loire Valley is associated with chateaux, significant during the reign of Francis I.
The Tapis Vert refers to a prominent lawn feature typical in French Baroque gardens.
Champs Elysses, a central avenue in Paris, is designed with bosquets and serves as a social corridor.

Cities and Design Trends

London's urban design was overhauled by Christopher Wren after the Great Fire of 1666.
Rococo style emerged in reaction to Baroque constraints, emphasizing terraces and glorifying the owners of the gardens.

Historical Civilizations and Garden Design

The Forbidden City in Beijing, built in the early 15th century, encompasses 180 acres and features 980 buildings.
Jomon refers to the hunter-gatherer civilization that settled in Japan.
Ryoan-Ji is a renowned Zen garden from the 15th century that exemplifies minimalist design principles.

Cultural Significance and Beliefs

Genius Loci embodies the spirit of a place, linked to guardian deities of the landscape.
Animism describes the belief in spirits residing in natural elements.
The concept of chora involves the outlying regional spaces that supported Greek city-states.

Architectural and Artistic Styles

Classical aesthetics in art and architecture stem from Greek and Roman influences.
Menhirs are large standing stones used historically as graves.
Obelisks served as monumental markers honoring rulers in ancient Egypt.

Key Neolithic and Classical Sites

The Fertile Crescent is typically recognized as the origin site of agriculture during the Neolithic period.
Erbil in Mesopotamia was characterized by water-rich parks and exotic non-native trees.
Delphi was a significant spiritual center in Greece, famous for its oracle that attracted pilgrims.
Mehrgarh represents one of the oldest understood Neolithic settlements in India known for its structured farming community.### Roman and Greek Landscape Alterations
The rebuilding of the Parthenon is NOT an example of Roman alterations to the Greek landscape.

Aegean Settlement Characteristics

Aegean settlements differed from Near Eastern settlements by being less isolated with more stable cultural patterns.

Roman City Planning

Roman cities were organized around a grid layout, centering on the Cardo and Decumanus, which are the two principal streets.

Characteristics of Knossos

The city of Knossos in Crete exhibited unique settlement features: it was wall-less, peaceful, situated within a natural megaron, and housed the most important religious complex on the island.

Differences in Human Cultures

Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures display primary differences, but none of the suggested statements accurately reflect these differences.

Egyptian Temple Design

Temples of Mentuhotep II at Karnak, Egypt featured distinct design characteristics, except for the inclusion of golden triangles atop linear columns.

Hippodamus' Planning Strategies

Hippodamus’ urban planning strategies included dividing populations into three classes and promoting an oblong rectangular layout of blocks and streets.

Neolithic Art Misconception

A false statement about Neolithic Art claims that stone and wooden utensils were used more frequently than pottery-based utensils.

Architectural Design in the Classical World

Classical architectural design is characterized by simple forms, harmonious proportions, and detailed ornamentation.

Old World Cave Design Elements

Primary spatial planning elements of Old World cave design include art, chambers, and passages, all of which are correct.

Roman Urbanism Elements

Temenos sanctuaries and ovular oculus are NOT considered elements of Roman urbanism's imperial order, which reflects well-planned urban spaces.

Cosmological Landscapes in Pre-Spanish Conquest Americas

Chemi Shanidar Mounds in Mesa Verde, Colorado, is NOT an example of cosmological landscapes from that period.

Sacred Landscape Plants in Ancient Greece

Cedar Trees are NOT considered sacred landscape plants in the Greek world, while laurel, palm, willow, and olive trees are.

Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal, located in Agra, India, is known for its proportional characteristics resembling a Renaissance garden and was built as a memorial for Shah Jahan’s wife, Mumtaz-i-Mahal.

Villa Lante

Designed by Giacomo da Vignola, Villa Lante exemplifies Renaissance architecture with a unique integration of axial planning and water features.

Cordoba's Historical Significance

The city of Cordoba is renowned for the Mezquita, an architectural marvel that transitioned between pagan temple, church, mosque, and back to a Catholic church.

Winchelsea

Winchelsea, an English bastide town, was established as a replacement harbor but suffered from sea retreat and vulnerability due to weak walls.

Campidoglio

Designed by Michelangelo on Capitoline Hill, Campidoglio features a hilltop piazza that emphasizes new city developments rather than ancient ruins.

Piazza del Campo

Located in Siena, this unique piazza features a sundial tower, refined paving patterns, and strategically designed drainage.

Shalimar Garden

The Shalimar Garden of Kashmir is characterized by three square terraces and a baradari, symbolizing love.

Salisbury, England

Originally settled as Old Sarum, Salisbury was abandoned until its revival when William the Conqueror built a castle there, leading to the integration of the nearby valley town.

Aigues-Mortes

Laid out in 1240 by King Louis IX, Aigues-Mortes served as a base for crusades and features well-preserved walls and a significant citadel.

Ferrara's Urban Expansion

Ferrara represents early Renaissance urban expansion in Italy, designed by Biagio Rossetti, featuring street widening, town enlargement, and the Palazzo Diamenti as its highlight.

Loggia

A loggia refers to an Italian architectural feature, specifically a viewing gallery or corridor at ground level.

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