LAN, MAN, and WAN Network Types

• Three types of networks are classified: LAN (Local Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), and WAN (Wide Area Network).

Network Characteristics

• LANs have high bandwidths, typically ranging from 10 to 100 Mb/s or more
• MANs offer a bandwidth between 10 and 100 Mb/s
• WANs have reduced bandwidth
• LANs support a limited number of users
• MANs accommodate a large number of users
• WANs serve an unlimited number of users
• LAN distances are limited to less than 200 meters
• MANs cover areas within a city, typically less than 10 km
• WANs span international distances
• LAN access is private
• MAN access is private
• WAN access is public
• LAN security is high
• MAN security is moderate
• WAN security is low
• The internet is an example of a WAN

Network Types

• LANs, established in 1980, cover distances less than 200m.
• LANs use cables or wireless connections, provide bandwidths from 10 to 100 Mb/s and higher, and support peer-to-peer communication
• LANs have high security, private access, and a limited number of users
• MANs, introduced in 1990, cover distances up to 10km
• MANs use fiber optic or microwave links, provide bandwidths from 10 to 100 Mb/s, and offer private access
• MANs support a large number of users
• WANs, dating back to 1970, have unlimited distances
• WANs use technologies like DSL, satellite, and microwave, provide reduced bandwidth, and support peer-to-peer communication
• WANs have low security, public access, and an unlimited number of users

PAN: Personal Area Network

• PANs are personal networks with very limited range

Characteristics: LAN

• High Speed
• Secure
• Private access

Characteristics: WAN

• Cover Long distances
• Accommodate a large number of users
• Offer Public access

Physical Topologies

• Physical arrangement and spatial configuration of a network

• Common topologies include bus, ring, star, tree, meshed, and hybrid

Bus Topology

• Involves a simple organization
• All computers are connected to a single transmission line (bus)
• Coaxial cables serve as a physical line that connects network machines, known as the backbone

Bus Topology Advantages

• Bus topologies are cost-effective due to cable savings, easy installation, simple operation, reliability, easy expansion, affordability, and ease of use

Bus Topology Disadvantages

• The network may experience slowdowns & difficult to isolate issues
• Cable cuts can impact many users
• Initial cable failure can halt the entire system

Bus Topology Types

• Simple bus
  • Limited to 185m with a maximum of 30 computers
• Composite bus
  • An assembly of simple buses
  • Limited to two ends, 185m (30 devices) or 500m (100 devices).

Star Topology

• Star topologies feature a central element or switch/hub
• MAU (Media Access Unit) acts as the central element/switch or hub
• Twisted pair RG45 utp/stp cat5 cables support bandwidths of 100Mb/s, while Cat 6 cables support 1Gb/s
• All computers are connected via twisted pair cables to a central MAU (Media Access Unit), which is either a switch or a hub

Star Topology Characteristics

• The distance between the MAU and each machine should not exceed 100m
• Supports 1024 stations per segment
• Extended star topologies connect individual stars by linking switches and hubs

Star Topology Advantages

• Star topologies offer easy installation
• High bandwidths (100Mb/s, 1 Gb/s to 10 Gb/s)
• Support for a large number of 1024 stations
• Resistance to cable problems
• Centralized monitoring and management
• Easy modification and the addition of new users
• Magnetic field resistance (using twisted pair STP RG45 cables with interior utp and exterior stp)

Star Topology Disadvantages

• Network failure if the MAU fails

Ring Topology with Token (Token Ring)

• Each host is connected to its neighbors forming a ring
• The last host connects to the first
• Uses twisted pairs or fiber optics
• A token, or logical element, circulates within the ring in binary form (0et1), acting as a delivery message
• An administrative machine manages the network
• Resetting stops transmission in case of loops
• It is an older topology where all stations are connected in a ring

Ring Topology :Characteristics

• MAU (Media Access Unit)
• A token is the logic element that makes up set of bits (0 and 1).
• The token circulates in the ring and passes a station(computer).
• The token size is 32 bits (4bytes) 32/8 = 4 Bytes (octets) and distance 45 between the MAU ET ord

Ring Topology Control Octets

• Access Control Octet indicates whether the token is free or busy
• Frame Control Octet provides information or control data
• Frame End Octet marks the end of the data frame
• Frame Status Octet checks for errors in the data frame

Ring Topology Advantages:

• Equal access for all users
• Consistent performance, even with many users

Ring Topology Disadvantages:

• Slow Topology 16Mb/s
• Easy install
• Requires a large amount of cabling limited to 45m
• A computer failure affects the rest of the network
• Trouble isolation and network configuration block operations

Network Topologies Comparative Table

• Bus Topology

  • 30 stations/segment with 185m or 100 stations with 500m
  • Uses thin or thick coaxial cable
  • Requires minimal cabling
  • Offers low bandwidth
  • Easy Installation
  • simple operation
  • MAU failure halts the entire network.

• Star Topology:

  • Supports 1024 stations per segment
  • Uses twisted pair UTP/STP cable
  • Achieves bandwidths of 100 Mb/s to 1Gb/s
  • MAU failure halts the entire network.

• Ring topology

  • Rings use basic element (ring/ring), un jeton (token)
  • Administered by administrative machine, débit faible en Mb/s.
  • It is an older topology,
  • Installation is easy but MAU failure halts the entire network.

Mesh Topology

• Involves routers connected together (R1, R2, R3, R4)
• Each router is connected to computers.
• The Internet connects multiple routers together
• Uses intelligent routers (switches)

Mesh Topology Advantages:

• Stable when a node (router) fails

Mesh Topology Disadvantages:

• Difficult to implement
• Complex operation

Tree Topology

• A hierarchical structure
• A main router (R) is connected to routers R1, R2, R3, R4
• Each router is connected to devices.

Network Equipment

• Périphérique (device): Any device that connects to computers segment network

Equipment type:

• End-user equipment: includes computers, laptops, printers, and scanners
• Networking equipment: interconnects end-user equipment for communication and includes network cards, switches, hubs, routers, bridges, and repeaters.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

• Network interface card or network card
• Circuit installed into a bus expansion slot on a computer’s motherboard
• Each network card contains a MAC address, which controls data communication on the network
• Used to connect multiple computers to a network.
• Each computer contains at least one network card and controls traffic.
  • 3 types: PCI 64bits / ISA 16 / VESA 32

Repeater:

• Equipment used to:
  • Regenerate a signal.
  • Concentrate multiple connections.
  • Extend a network and cable length.
  • Transfer and convert data formats.
  • Regenerating a signal

Bridge:

• Equipment used to:
  • Concentrate multiple connections.
  • Extend a network.
  • Transfer data.
  • Extend a cable.
  • Convert data formats.
  • Ensure connection to different network WiFi bridge.

Router:

• Equipment used to:
  • Concentrate multiple connections.
  • Convert data formats.
  • Transfer data
  • Regenerate a signal.
  • Extend a network and connect various LAN networks separated large distances.

Terminal :

• Computer connected to a data server without a logic board

Summary

• Network equipment ensures: data transfer, connection concentration, cable extensions, network extensions, format conversion, and network extensions where (regenerating a signal = repeater).

Hub

• A box with multiple ports used to connect twisted pair cables from computers
• Hubs are Layer 1 OSI device (physical layer)
• Distributes stations and computers
• Ports are controlled by LED lamp
• Used for communications between stations
• Some hubs vary in sizes, 4 8 16 32 64 128 ports
• Comes in two variation:
  • Active hub which needs electrical power supply
  • Passive hub which utilize rechargeable battery

Hub Advantages:

-Easy to install, can support large number of stations, affordable price, and assure electrical isolation.

Hub Disadvantages:

• Is a Slow network equipment, speed is between 10 to 100 mb/s, and doesn't help with traffic collision.
• Hubs send data packet to all units active units, with the exception source.

Switch

• Box consist of numeric number of junction, used to connect with stations
• Switch is Layer 2 OSI device (liaison layer)
• Consist between 4 5 8 12 16 24 32 64 128 ports
• Data speed varies between 100Mb/s 1Gb/s 10 Gb/s(NT)

Switch Advantages

-Always Active, can reduce and regulate trafic on the network and is programmable, and has multiple responsable stations.

• Switch send/routes packets to destination and avoids collision.

Switch Disadvantages:

• If switch brakes the entire network goes down, and would needed an switch redondant.

Device comparative table

Device location on networks

• LANs consist of computers, network cards, peripheral equipment, switches, hubs, cables, and connectors

• LANs operate within a limited geographic region

• LANs Relate adjacent devices and provide uninterrupted constant connectivity.

• WANs include computers, network cards, network equipment (switches/hubs), cables or wireless connections, connectors, routers, modems, servers, peripheral equipment, and repeaters

• WANs operate across extended areas, provide services such as emails and file transfers, connect equipment on a planetary scale, and ensure continuous connectivity

• WAN Allows for Real-time communications via different mediums

Types of cables

• Coaxial cable
  • Copper wire covered by insulation.
  • BNC connector
  • Can transfer between 10 à 100 Mb/s and distance is between 185m ou 500m
• Cable torsadé
  • 4 fils cables, the cable are: UTP(Unshielded twisted pair) and STP (Shielded twisted pair) -Cable RG45, cat 5(100mb/s), cat6(1Gb/s), Cat 7 (10Gb/s),
  • The length it can be from 90-100m
• Fibre optique:
  • Cables use multimode from 90-100m, and Monmode

Network type

• A network consisting of two office buildings(A and B) which is only 20 m apart
• Building A. consists of 10 computers Building B . consists of 1 server and only utilizes a LAN network, since it falls under the of radius 200m

OS Types

• Clients OS: -OS WINDOWS 10, MICROSOFT OFFICE, ANTI-VIRUS, -Internet Browsers, Prog Devices, SQL, Prog Gestion and Compabilite ..
• Server OS
  • OS Windows advance version or unix. -Microsoft Office, Anti-Vitus, Internet Browsers ,SQL Server, Prog Gestion and comptabilite Prog Devices.

Project network Types

• Considers: the network Size(LAN,MAN,WAN)
• Topology should follow the number of stations.
• Followed Material, Cables switch hub ect
• Installation and network configuration
• After network set up use Network tester.
• Maintenance and software update
• Servers: Are powerful machines that capacity to store large date, high speed cpu, and multiprocessing and large memory.
• Servers provide: app, database, Email, capacity to store and information. -Types de switch

Router

• A dedicated server is used for one station and is managed from a distance
• A not dedicated server: is utilize as one server and a single stations the device is manage locally or from distance.