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Questions and Answers
What is the characteristic of laminar flow?
What is the characteristic of laminar flow?
- Chaotic paths with occasional mixing
- Rough paths with high mixing
- Smooth paths with little mixing (correct)
- Random paths with no mixing
What parameter determines the threshold velocity for the transition from laminar to turbulent flow?
What parameter determines the threshold velocity for the transition from laminar to turbulent flow?
- Mach number
- Reynolds number (correct)
- Weber number
- Froude number
What is the motion of fluid particles close to a solid surface in laminar flow?
What is the motion of fluid particles close to a solid surface in laminar flow?
- Moving perpendicular to the surface
- Moving in irregular patterns away from the surface
- Moving in circular paths around the surface
- Moving in straight lines parallel to the surface (correct)
What determines the occurrence of either laminar or turbulent flow in a closed channel?
What determines the occurrence of either laminar or turbulent flow in a closed channel?
How is turbulent flow characterized?
How is turbulent flow characterized?
What is the purpose of an autoclave in the chemical industry?
What is the purpose of an autoclave in the chemical industry?
At what temperature is pressurized saturated steam used for sterilization in autoclaves?
At what temperature is pressurized saturated steam used for sterilization in autoclaves?
Who is credited with the invention of the autoclave?
Who is credited with the invention of the autoclave?
Where are sterilization autoclaves widely used?
Where are sterilization autoclaves widely used?
What are typical loads subjected to pressurized saturated steam in autoclaves?
What are typical loads subjected to pressurized saturated steam in autoclaves?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Laminar Flow
- Laminar flow is characterized by smooth, continuous motion of fluid particles in parallel layers.
Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow
- The threshold velocity for the transition from laminar to turbulent flow is determined by the Reynolds number.
Fluid Motion in Laminar Flow
- Close to a solid surface, fluid particles in laminar flow exhibit a motion that is parallel to the surface.
Determining Laminar or Turbulent Flow
- The occurrence of either laminar or turbulent flow in a closed channel is determined by the Reynolds number and the surface roughness.
Characteristics of Turbulent Flow
- Turbulent flow is characterized by chaotic, irregular motion of fluid particles, resulting in increased mixing and heat transfer.
Autoclaves in the Chemical Industry
- The purpose of an autoclave in the chemical industry is to achieve sterilization through the application of high pressure and temperature.
Autoclave Sterilization
- Pressurized saturated steam is used for sterilization in autoclaves at a temperature of 121°C (250°F).
Invention of the Autoclave
- Charles Chamberland is credited with the invention of the autoclave.
Applications of Autoclaves
- Sterilization autoclaves are widely used in hospitals, medical research facilities, and pharmaceutical industries.
Typical Autoclave Loads
- Typical loads subjected to pressurized saturated steam in autoclaves include laboratory equipment, medical instruments, and pharmaceutical products.
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